Pulmonary Flashcards
What is tidal volume? (TV)
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal respirations
What is the expiratory reserve volume ERV?
volume of air that can be forcefully expelled following a normal expiration
What is normal for an FEV1?
at least 75%
What is the difference between total lung capacity and functional residual capacity?
Total lung capacity - (TV + IRV + ERV + RV)
Functional Residual Capacity = amount of air remaining in lungs following normal breathing (ERV + RV)
What is Atelectasis?
Complete or partial collapse of lung. Often associated with an infection
What is Orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing except in sitting or standing position
Describe the various breath sounds upon auscultation and how they sound. (rales, rhonchi, stridor, wheezes, friction rub)
Rales = (crackles), heard primarily during inspiration, could be from air bubbles in secretions
Rhonchi = continuous low-pitched, sonorous breath sounds that are most prominent during expiration, present with asthma and chronic bronchitis
Stridor = Continous adventitious sound of inspiration associated with upper airway obstruction
Wheezes = continuous breath sounds that are high-pitched, sibilant, and musical
Friction rub = Caused by rubbing of pleural surfaces against each other, may have pain during inspiration
Describe the signs and symptoms of COPD
Increased resistance to airflow Often a history of smoking Abnormal Breath Sounds Use of accessory breathing muscles Increased chest size Dry or productive cough
Describe the signs and symptoms of Asthma
Wheezing cough
Dry or productive mucoid sputum with plugs
Anxiety with severe bronchospasm may restrict airflow to the extent that no wheezing is heard.
Chest wall symmetrically decreased
Describe signs and symptoms of bronchitis
Wheezing or rhonchi breath sounds
Productive mucoid or purulent sputum with infection
May have a fever
How do you treat bronchitis?
Bronchopulmonary hygiene if indicated Positions of relaxation Paced breathing Endurance exercise Patient education about disease and relationship to smoking
What is cystic fibrosis and what are the signs and symptoms?
Genetically inherited disease, thickening of secretions of all exocrine glands, leading to obstruction
S&S include: Frequent respiratory infections
inability to gain weight
Positive sweat electrolyte test
Rales, wheezing
productive of large amounts of mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent sputum
May have hemoptysis
Which diseases are associated with COPDs?
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
What is the difference between an obstructive pulmonary disease vs. a restrictive disease
Obstructive tends to have more difficulty with expiration and gets worse with increase in activity
Restrictive has more difficulty with inspiration due to difficulty with expanding lungs
What is a flail chest?
Trauma where 2 or more fractures in 2 or more adjacent ribs (usually due to blunt trauma)
What is a Pneumothorax?
Air enters the pleural space causing lung to collapse. Requires a chest tube and chest PT is a precaution in the area of the tube
Describe tuberculosis and what are the signs and symptoms
Infection spread by aerosolized droplets. Slight nonproductive cough Hemoptysis Low-Grade fever Dyspnea Chest wall pain Possible chest x-ray changes
What are the signs and symptoms of a pulmonary emboli?
With infarction: chest pain, hemoptysis, pleural friction rub, rever, and postive chest x-ray
Without infarction: tachypnea, anxiety, restlessness, rales, wheezing, and decreased breath sounds
What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases in terms of pulmonary function tests?
Total lung capacity: Obstructive inc, restrictive dec
Functional Residual Capacity: Obstructive inc, restrictive dec
Residual Volume: Ob in, restrictive dec
Vital Capacity: Both decrease
PaCO2: Increase in ob, decrease in restrictive
FEV1: Decrease in obstructive, restrictive increase
What are normal values for PaO2 and PaCO2?
PaO2 = 75-100 mmHg (supplemental O2, usually at 55 mm HG) PaCO2 = 35-45 mmHg
What is a normal ph value?
7.35 - 7.45
What are normal hematocrit values for male, female and newborns?
male = 40-54% female = 37-47% newborns = 50-62%
What is normal hemoglobin level?
12 -16 g/100 mm
What is normal CO2 content level?
23 - 29 mEq/L
