TYPE 1 DIABETES Flashcards
what cells make up the pancreatic islets
alpha and beta cells
what is the function of an alpha cell in the pancreas
release glucagon to increase blood sugar
what does glucagon do
acts on the liver by converting stored glycogen into glucose to increase blood sugar in response to low blood sugar.
what do beta cells release
insulin
what does insulin do
incerase uptake of glucose by cells in the event of high blood sugar, eventually lowering it
it also asks the liver to store glucose and glycogen
what cells make up the pancreatic islets
alpha
beta
delta
pp
what is the normal level for fasted blood sugar
4.0-7.8 mmol/L
what is the aetiology of type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disruption of beta cells.
or it is believed that a virus has impacted a genetically vulnerabe person that triggers an immune response that attacks the beta cells
what is the aetiology of type 2 diabetes
chronic inflammation from obesity
genetic predisposition
is glucagon an amino acid or steroid hormone
amino acid
what is the most common form of diabetes
primary diabetes
what is the definition of type 1 diabetes
absolute deficiency of insulin
what is the definition of type 2 diabetes
relative deficiency of insulin
what does relative deficiency of insulin mean
able to make insulin but your cells are resistant to it
what is secondary diabetes
caused by another pathology
what are the clinical features of type 1 diabetes
polyphagia
polyuria
polydipsia
glycosuria
what are the acute complications of diabetes
hypoglycaemia
diabetic ketoacidosis - ph of blood lowers making it more acidic with too many ketones
what are the chronic complications of diabetes
diabetic foot
diabetic neuropathy
diabetic vascular disease
why are diabetics more susceptible to atherosclerosis
beacuse hypoglycaemia weakens the endothelial wall of vessels which triggers an immune response where the inflammatory cascade and recruitment of wbc cause more damage and weakness leading to atherosclerotic build up
what causes diabetic neuropathy
occlusion of blood supply to nerves which causes demyelination
what are the manifestations of diabetic neuropathy
peripheral sensory parasthesia in bilateral limbs
generalised mm wasting and weakness
what is the pharmacological treatment for diabetes
exogenous insulin
who can take exogenous insulin
type 1 and completely unresponsive to insulin t2
