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Tut 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the main influencer of the pre scientific revolution ?

A
  1. Plato
  2. Aristotle
  3. Sceptisim
  4. Augustine
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2
Q

What was the main idea of plato during pre - scientifc revolution?

A
  • Rationalist view
  • Reasoning is stronger then senses
  • Ex: u are not afraid of a tiger in a zoo
  • human perception is not equal to truth
  • human soul has innate knowledge
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3
Q

What was the main idea of Aristole during pre - scientifc revolution?

A
  • Empiricist view
  • made a distinction betwen detuctive and inductive
  • perception is the source of truth
  • knowldge comes from axioms
  • belief in a reality (natur) which governs human existenc and human try to understand it
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4
Q

What is the correspondence theory of truth ?

By who was it used ?

A
  • A statement is true when it corresponds with reality

- Aristotle

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5
Q

What was the main idea of sceptics during pre - scientifc revolution?

A
  • Human can not have realiable knowledge about physicall reality
  • but admit that it exist
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6
Q

What was the main idea of Augustine during pre - scientifc revolution?

A
  • Ture knowledge was based on god’s revelations (theology)

- Middle ages – 17th century

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7
Q

What happend to deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning during pre sceintifc revolution ?

A
  • inductive reasoning was disapproved

- deductive reasoning was approved used in mathematics and geometry

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8
Q

Who mainly influenced the scientify revolution ?

A
  • Galilei
  • Bacon
  • Newton
  • > first natural philosophers
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9
Q

What was the main idea of Galilei during scientifc revolution?

A
  • True knowledge correlates with human understanding

- Did the first experimental experiments

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10
Q

What was the main idea of Bacon during scientifc revolution?

A
  • using systematic observation and inductive reasoning to gain new knowledge
  • collected Facts-> made a table of facts-> concluded scientific knowledge
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11
Q

What was the main idea of Newton during scientifc revolution?

A
  1. Facts must be based on observation, experiments, inductive
  2. scientific method relies on deduction - from known statements -> forming new knowledge
    - laws of physic
    - everything can be explained in laws
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12
Q

What is porbalistic truth and who supported it ?

A
  1. Huygens
  2. leibniz
    - as we do know with 95% of significant lvl
    - verly likly to be truth so it can not be doubt
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13
Q

What is the problem with the probalistic truth ?

A
  • its is subjective because u choose ur significant lvl
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14
Q

What did herschel say regarding how to determine truth ?

A
  • observation can lead to truth if observtaion is based on independet scientific reasoning
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15
Q

What is good for a theory regarding herschel ?

A
  • possible to have different views/theories of the same phenomenon
  • Co existing of revealing hypothesis is good -> determines more which is the corrrect
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16
Q

What was whewell opinion on the relationship of facts and theories ?

A
  • farther of antithesis

- Facts/ observations and theory/ideas influence and depend on each other

17
Q

What was whewll opinion on human observtaion ?

A
  • what humans observe depend on there knowledge
18
Q

What is the philosophy of science ?

A

– branch of philosophy that studies the foundations of scientific research
- came up with demacration criteria

19
Q

What is demacration of criteria ?

A

lines that define science and its borders

- proposed by philosophy of science

20
Q

Why did the logical postivism fail ?

A
  • sinec using iduction reasoning it can not be 100% true
  • not everything can be observed -> to many variables
  • technical improvment was needed
21
Q

What is and who cam up with Falsification ?

A
  • Popper and influenced by Whewell
  • instead of only observing to come to a concluison u try to falsifile ur findings
  • used the hypothetic dedutcive method
    1. observation
    2. interpretation
    3. hypothesis
    4. testing/falsifiable
    5. modify
22
Q

What is the degree of falsifiability ?

A
  • the more falsifiable (dependent on level of detail & scope) a theory the better the theory is
23
Q

What kind of critic did falsification gain ? ?

A

popper replaced each theory right away by an alternative -> to radical
- also researcher did not like to give up there tehory so easy

24
Q

What is kuhns theory of scientific process ?

A
  • It is an ongoing cycle
    1. pre science (unorganised facts observtaions & models
    2. normal science (defending the pardigm)
    3. crisis (more open to alternatives)
    4. revolution
    5. new normal science
  • > each cycle has an setted paradigm and everything outside the cylce is an anomalies
25
Q

What is the paradigm shift ?

A
  • during crisis the theory lags on data so it needs to be replaced by a progressive research programm (so it fits to the new data
  • Also the new shift does not have to be better
26
Q

What happend during the logical postivism ?

A

At the vienna cycle they treid to define science

  • > came up with the scientific cycle and manifesto (observation -> conclusion -> verification)
  • > philosophy of science came up with demecration criteria -> most important -> verification criteria = something is true or false !
  • used induction reasoning
27
Q

What is the hypothetic deductive method ?

A
  • using inductive reasoning and educated guesses to come up with an theory
28
Q

What is an ad hoc modification ?

A
  • a modification which makes a theory less falsifiable which makes it a less scientifiy theory
29
Q

What was kuhns opinion regarding scientis who claim that they have discovered physical reality (realism)?

A
  • scientific knowledge is relative in place and time

- all they did was creation stories about their perception

30
Q

What does the postmodernist do and stand for ?

A
  • want the old theology view back
  • so they question science in general
  • which lead to the ‘’ science war’’ regarding kuhns science model
31
Q

What is pragmatism and by who was it influenced ?

A
  • pierce
  • knowledge of reality gained via coping with the world
  • ideas that work are kept/ ideas that does not work get lost
  • since world is changing ideas change to
  • does not make a distinction between science and non science
32
Q

What are the four methods to gain knowledge regarding pragmatism ?

A
  1. Method of tenacity (Tradition so something which has been know before and worked)
  2. Method of authority
  3. priori method (logic)
  4. scientific method
33
Q

Name the reasons why psychology is a science ?

A
  • use scientifc method
  • fully integreated in the other 7 major science areas
  • Apa guideliness
  • methodoligsm
34
Q

Name the reasons why psychology is not a science ?

A
  • Stereotypical view of psychologist differs from ascientist (image problem)
  • they more use scientific knowlede that create it (some believe)
  • it is easier then other science
  • within in psychology there is also tansion
  • people are convinced that they have just as much knowledge do to media as psychologist
35
Q

Why is trust so essential ?

A
  • beacuse u need to trust because u can only learn a specific topic not everything
  • people have to trust science otherwise there will be no progress
36
Q

What is methodoligism ?

A

The method determines if a science is a science !

37
Q

What are the two science ?

A
  • natural science

- mental science

38
Q

To which sience does psychology belong to and why ?

A
  • To mental science:
    1. Deals with content
    2. sees a persons life in a context
    3. Describes the human experience in its totality (cognition + emotion + will)
39
Q

What is the problem regarding trust in science ?

A
  • because of easy acces it is hard to rely/trust the sources on it

History (9 decks)

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