Tut 9 Flashcards by Pine Tree

Who were the main influencer of the pre scientific revolution ?

Plato
Aristotle
Sceptisim
Augustine

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What was the main idea of plato during pre - scientifc revolution?

Rationalist view
Reasoning is stronger then senses
Ex: u are not afraid of a tiger in a zoo
human perception is not equal to truth
human soul has innate knowledge

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What was the main idea of Aristole during pre - scientifc revolution?

Empiricist view
made a distinction betwen detuctive and inductive
perception is the source of truth
knowldge comes from axioms
belief in a reality (natur) which governs human existenc and human try to understand it

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What is the correspondence theory of truth ?

By who was it used ?

A statement is true when it corresponds with reality

- Aristotle

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What was the main idea of sceptics during pre - scientifc revolution?

Human can not have realiable knowledge about physicall reality
but admit that it exist

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What was the main idea of Augustine during pre - scientifc revolution?

Ture knowledge was based on god’s revelations (theology)

- Middle ages – 17th century

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What happend to deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning during pre sceintifc revolution ?

inductive reasoning was disapproved

- deductive reasoning was approved used in mathematics and geometry

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Who mainly influenced the scientify revolution ?

Galilei
Bacon
Newton
> first natural philosophers

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What was the main idea of Galilei during scientifc revolution?

True knowledge correlates with human understanding

- Did the first experimental experiments

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What was the main idea of Bacon during scientifc revolution?

using systematic observation and inductive reasoning to gain new knowledge
collected Facts-> made a table of facts-> concluded scientific knowledge

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What was the main idea of Newton during scientifc revolution?

Facts must be based on observation, experiments, inductive
scientific method relies on deduction - from known statements -> forming new knowledge
- laws of physic
- everything can be explained in laws

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What is porbalistic truth and who supported it ?

Huygens
leibniz
- as we do know with 95% of significant lvl
- verly likly to be truth so it can not be doubt

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What is the problem with the probalistic truth ?

its is subjective because u choose ur significant lvl

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What did herschel say regarding how to determine truth ?

observation can lead to truth if observtaion is based on independet scientific reasoning

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What is good for a theory regarding herschel ?

possible to have different views/theories of the same phenomenon
Co existing of revealing hypothesis is good -> determines more which is the corrrect

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What was whewell opinion on the relationship of facts and theories ?

farther of antithesis

- Facts/ observations and theory/ideas influence and depend on each other

What was whewll opinion on human observtaion ?

what humans observe depend on there knowledge

What is the philosophy of science ?

– branch of philosophy that studies the foundations of scientific research
- came up with demacration criteria

What is demacration of criteria ?

lines that define science and its borders

- proposed by philosophy of science

Why did the logical postivism fail ?

sinec using iduction reasoning it can not be 100% true
not everything can be observed -> to many variables
technical improvment was needed

What is and who cam up with Falsification ?

Popper and influenced by Whewell
instead of only observing to come to a concluison u try to falsifile ur findings
used the hypothetic dedutcive method
1. observation
2. interpretation
3. hypothesis
4. testing/falsifiable
5. modify

What is the degree of falsifiability ?

the more falsifiable (dependent on level of detail & scope) a theory the better the theory is

What kind of critic did falsification gain ? ?

popper replaced each theory right away by an alternative -> to radical
- also researcher did not like to give up there tehory so easy

What is kuhns theory of scientific process ?

It is an ongoing cycle
1. pre science (unorganised facts observtaions & models
2. normal science (defending the pardigm)
3. crisis (more open to alternatives)
4. revolution
5. new normal science
> each cycle has an setted paradigm and everything outside the cylce is an anomalies

What is the paradigm shift ?

- during crisis the theory lags on data so it needs to be replaced by a progressive research programm (so it fits to the new data - Also the new shift does not have to be better

What happend during the logical postivism ?

At the vienna cycle they treid to define science - > came up with the scientific cycle and manifesto (observation -> conclusion -> verification) - > philosophy of science came up with demecration criteria -> most important -> verification criteria = something is true or false ! - used induction reasoning

What is the hypothetic deductive method ?

- using inductive reasoning and educated guesses to come up with an theory

What is an ad hoc modification ?

- a modification which makes a theory less falsifiable which makes it a less scientifiy theory

What was kuhns opinion regarding scientis who claim that they have discovered physical reality (realism)?

- scientific knowledge is relative in place and time | - all they did was creation stories about their perception

What does the postmodernist do and stand for ?

- want the old theology view back - so they question science in general - which lead to the '' science war'' regarding kuhns science model

What is pragmatism and by who was it influenced ?

- pierce - knowledge of reality gained via coping with the world - ideas that work are kept/ ideas that does not work get lost - since world is changing ideas change to - does not make a distinction between science and non science

What are the four methods to gain knowledge regarding pragmatism ?

1. Method of tenacity (Tradition so something which has been know before and worked) 2. Method of authority 3. priori method (logic) 4. scientific method

Name the reasons why psychology is a science ?

- use scientifc method - fully integreated in the other 7 major science areas - Apa guideliness - methodoligsm

Name the reasons why psychology is not a science ?

- Stereotypical view of psychologist differs from ascientist (image problem) - they more use scientific knowlede that create it (some believe) - it is easier then other science - within in psychology there is also tansion - people are convinced that they have just as much knowledge do to media as psychologist

Why is trust so essential ?

- beacuse u need to trust because u can only learn a specific topic not everything - people have to trust science otherwise there will be no progress

What is methodoligism ?

The method determines if a science is a science !

What are the two science ?

- natural science | - mental science

To which sience does psychology belong to and why ?

- To mental science: 1. Deals with content 2. sees a persons life in a context 3. Describes the human experience in its totality (cognition + emotion + will)

What is the problem regarding trust in science ?

- because of easy acces it is hard to rely/trust the sources on it