Tut 6 Flashcards
Why was the US so dominant regarding psychology in the 20 th century ?
- US dominated europe because of war
- A lot of reserach was done regarding psychology in US
- Quality (undertandable) of produced text books regarding psychology
- positivism
What were the problems with psychology in the 20th cenutry ?
- New science -> tuff for uni to create space
- Did not know where to put psychology between natural science or philosophy
- Difficulty to communicate there goals cause it was not yet well discoverd
What was the firt american psychology ?
- Functionalsim regarding introspection
What was the zeitgeist like in the 20 th century (precursers) ?
- 1892 APA foundation (meet and discuss)
- Evolutionary theory of darwin and galton eugnics was influencial
- Against intellectualism because aemrica was based on common sense
- Believed in impact of enviornment
How did the US society see psychology ?
- Phrenology
- mesmerism
- Spiritualism
What does Phrenology mean ?
- Mental functions are localised and the capacity of a function is related to the size of the brain part
- joseph gall
- measurment of bumps give meaning about intellegence
What does mesmerism mean ?
- Hypnosis and animal magnetism
What does Spiritualism mean ?
- dead could be contacted by mediums
Who was influencial or an inspiartion regarding animal research and what did they lead to ?
- Darwin and Spencer writtings
- > Beginning of: Anthropomorphic interpretation / ancedotal
What did spnecer do and in what did he believe ?
- Started to compare human with annimal behavior to put different species on a diff scale
- believed that animals could be inteligent
What does Anthropomorphic interpretation / anthropomorphism mean ?
- applying human characteristics to non human
- > E.x: When a dog smiles he is happy
What does anecdotal mean ?
- something unrelaibel which is not proven rather just on time occuring effect which is stated as a fact
Name facts about Edwrad Lee throndike:
- farther of comparitive psychology
- studied animal in a subjective way
- against anecdotal / anthropomorphism ->
replaced it with mechanicotheriomorphism - used long observation in control enviornment
- did not care about mind, only on behavior
- founder of instrumental conditioning/law of effect
What is the law effect ?
behavior followed by positive consequences are strengthend and visa versa
Name so facts about Ivan pavlov:
- Followed thorndike
- discoverd classical conditioning
- impact on behaviorism because he put psychology more into the natural science
- also focused on observing behavior
Name some facts about John b watson:
- wrote the behaviorist manifest
- wanted to switch from introspection to observation
- ignore consciousness
- beginning of behaviourism
- little albert experiment
What did behaviorism stand for ?
- obersvation
- mathematical realiability (operational definitions)
- ignoreing consciousness
- for objectitvity /verfication -> research should be done in a way that it could be redone by others
- Independent and dependnet varaiablity ( S+R Psychology)
What was the infulence of positivism ?
- Wider movement
- Philosophy of science
What is the wider movement ?
- Making the science the motor of progress
What is philosophy of science ?
- it is a branch of philospohy which studies the foundation of scientific research method
- based on operational definition
Who continued the watson legacy ?
- Skinner
- Hull
- Tolman
What was Hull contribution to watson ?
- made behavior predictable with equations in specific cirumstances
What was Skinner opinion on Watson ?
- Radical behaviorism ( absolutly excluding meaning of mind)
- used operant conditioning (S+R association)
- Humans have much less control over there live then they believe that they do
What was Tolman perspective on Skinner ?
- doubted skinner
- not everything can be explained by S+R association
-> behavior is more goal related (purposive behaviorism)
Showed his evidence via latent learning and Rads ( learning can occur even without reinforcment)
