Tut 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is mechanism and by who did it get influenced ?
A
- 17th century
- image of universe and world as a machine
- mainly influenced by the invention of the clock
- the laws of physics by newton
2
Q
What is determinsim ?
A
- The belief that that actions are determined by past events
3
Q
What is Reductionsim ?
A
- We break down complex ideas in simple ones
4
Q
Name everything about descartes:
A
- 1596-1650
- mechanistic world view
- rationalist and used deductive reasoning
- ” everything can be doubt besides our mind”
- Founder of dualism \ innate knowledge
5
Q
What leads Descartes to dualism ?
A
- The mechanistic world view -> that everything is made out of single parts !
- everything can be doubt besides my mind therefore it needs to be a single part
6
Q
What is the opposite of dualism ?
A
- Monism
- denies the existence of a distinction or duality
- E.g mind and body
7
Q
What is dualism according to Descartes ?
A
- Mind is immaterial and separated from body
- The mind has an innate knowledge
8
Q
How does the mind and the body interact ?
A
- bidirectional interaction (interactionism)
min interact with body and visa versa
9
Q
What is the function of the mind and what is the function of the body according to the dualism theory ?
A
- mind is only there for thinking
- Body does everything else
10
Q
What types of idea does the mind come up with ? (not that important )
A
- Derived ideas (produced by direct experinece of an external stimulus)
- Innate ideas (independent of sensory experiences/ external stimuli)-> E.g existence of GOD
11
Q
What is the reflex action theory ?
A
- External stimuli can bring out an involuntary respond (without cognitive involvement )
- Which proof mechanistic view
12
Q
What is the enlightenment ?
A
- 18 th century
- characterized by Autonomous (selbstandig) thinking
- Science changed view on how society should work (individualization) and made people wealthy (technology)
- Tradition and Religion started to have less influence then science although church was still strong
13
Q
What were the counter forces of the enlightenment ?
A
- The Roman catholic church ( Science knowledge is less important then real wisdom)
- The protestant church ( more friendly then RCC but religion should guide science)
- Humanities ( Traditional world view have proven there use it is dangerous to switch to rationalism)
- Romantic (nothing is mechanic everything is a changing organism)
14
Q
What were the precursors of the enlightenment ?
A
- Individualization (loser social relations greater focus by individuals)
- people wanted to stand out because of information collected by state -> Competition factor
- religion puts emphasis on individual
- Individualization increased by inventions such as books and mirror
15
Q
For what was wolf well known for ?
A
he saw the need for an interaction between observation and reasoning
16
Q
What is introspection ?
A
- It is a research method of in psychology consisting of a person looking inward and reporting what he experiences
17
Q
What is rationalism and who supported it ?
A
- innate knowledge =knowledge gained without experinece
- is based on reasoning \ math
- uses deductive reasoning
- Supporter are: Plato Descartes
18
Q
What is empiricism and who supported it ?
A
- No innate knowledge (tabula rasa)
- > Human mind is blank
- Based on perception \ natural science
- uses inductive reasoning
- Locke and Berekley
- can lead to idealism
- extrem form is positvism
19
Q
What is idealism\ Mentalism ?
A
- opposite of realism
- reality is dependent on the mind
- (ich mach mir die welt wie sie mir gefällt im kopf)
- E.g No world exist outside of our mind
- supported by Berkeley / hume
20
Q
What is realism ?
A
- Knowledge exist in world so u have to explore it trough our senses to gain knowledge
- opposite of idealism
- supported by Kant
21
Q
Who is berkely ?
A
- (1685 – 1753)
- Supported idealism
- everything is made up in our mind there is no physicall world
22
Q
Who is david hume ?
A
- Skepticism
- Problem of induction: there is only co occurrence no cause effect without prior experience
- (only because the sun goes up everyday u can not be sure that she will rise tmr as well)
23
Q
What is metaphysics and name the four parts of it ?
A
- Influenced by Aristotle
- Ontology – study of universe & its entities
- Natural theology – study of god
- Universal science – study of axioms
- Psychology – study of the human soul
24
Q
What is Positivism ?
A
- influenced by Comte
- Knowledge can only be obtain by scientific method and religion and philosophy a are less good forms of explanation
- Main thinking during enlightenment
25
Name everything about immnanuel kant :
Mind = sum of ideas
| - realism -> innate knowledge
26
Name everything about Comte:
- Psychology is not a science because of the problem of introspective reasoning
- Mind is an organ of observation and can not observe itself
- only way to study is via biology and observation which is not possible
27
What is Rational psychology according to wolf ?
- Trough out deductive reasoning new axioms can be made which fit new knowledge
28
What is Empirical psychology according to wolf ?
-inductive reasoning and sensation = postivism
29
What are axioms ?
- Beliefs which are broadly acceptance (no criticism)
30
Who is john locke ?
We gain knowledge via experiences which is made of:
- Farther of empericism
1. sensation (Direct sensory imput)
- Primary qualities
- Secondary qualities
2. Reflection (Sensory experiences)
Theory of association – knowledge results from linking simple ideas to form complex ideas
31
What are primary qualities and what are secondary qualities ?
1. Primary qualities :
- characteristics that exist in an object whether or not we perceive them ( Sensation without perception)
2. Secondary qualities: subjective – exist in our perception of the object (Geruch oder farbe)
