Tut 8 Flashcards
What did edwin smith papyrus revealed ?
- Showed the first link between brain injuries and mental/behavioural consequences
- Description of brain injuries
What did the Egyptian and Greek sociities believe regarding intelligence ?
- heart is the place of the soul and where our intellegence is
What was platos view regarding the brain ?
That our body was divided in three parts:
- brain = reasponsible for reasoning / immortal
- Heart = is there for sensation
- liver = appetite
What was Aristotle view regarding the soul ?
- soul is located in the heart = heat
- Brain counterbalancing the heart = cold
What did Galen figure out about the brain ?
- brain and nerves are modulator for movement
- soul located in solid parts of the brain
- animal spirit is located in ventricles and travel trough nerves to the body
What did descartes hypothesised regarding intelligent ?
- pinal gland
- Renaissance
What did Vesalius belief regarding the soul ?
- Followed galen soul = in brain
- Extended the view by discovering 3 ventricles
- Renaissance
What was Vesalius extended view on Galen ?
- Front VEN -> receives info from senses and is there for imagination
- Middle VEN -> thought and judgment
- Back VEN-> memory
What was the major switch in the renaissance? (by who was that switch influenced by ? )
Switch from ventricles being the control centrum to brain tissue
- Because of grafenberg
What happend in the 17th and 18th century regarding the brain ?
- focus was on brain and reflexes
- distinction between grey and white matter
- findings that grey matter was numb
- New findings on nervous system but no better treatment in injuries was yet gained
What were the five big breaktroughs regarding the 19th century ?
- Discovery of cerebrospinal axis
- Discovery of the impact of reflexes
- discussions between proponents of brain equipotentiality vs adherents of brain localization
- discovery of nerve cells
- Discovery of communication between neurons
What was so imprtant about the Discovery of cerebrospinal axis ?
- > spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and was involved in controling body functions
- found out because cerbral hemisphere was not needed for body function
What was so important about the Discovery of the impact of reflexes ?
- processes in CNS were not voluntary -> reflexes
- Marshall Hall: figured out the reflex arc (model)
1. Afferent neurons to brain
2. efferent away from the brain - Higher cognitive function can also be reflexes -> Pavlo
What did marshall hall concluded regarding reflexes ?
All muscular function depend on refelexes besides
- will/intention breading/heart activity and sensitivity
What does proponents of brain equipotentiality stand for ?
- brain functions as a whole with all parts having an equal significance
- dominant view but not true
What does adherents of brain localization stand for ? Who did it mainly supported?
- only part of the brain underlies a particular mental function
- Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud / Paul Broca-< regarding language production there a specific areas
What did the discovery of nerve cell lead to ? Who and how did he figured it out ?
- Brain consist out of a network of indidvidual neurons
- Grey matter -> cell
- White matter axons
- Golgi via microscopes coloured brain tissue
(growth of technology) - > Santiago said more it was independent/single cells !
What was so important about the communication between cell ? By who was it find out ?
- electrical information involved in intra-cell communication
- chemical information transfer for communication between neurons (helmholtz)
- Electrical nervous system find out by Galvani (frog).-> 100% by Reymond
How does Single cell recording work ?
- Electrodes were planted in individual brain cells and recorded when the cells fire presenting different types of stimul
- First and invasive
How does EEG recording work ?
- Elctrodes on human scalp
- recordes summed electrcal activity of cells
How does ERP work ?
- Based on EEG recordings
- avergaes the signal of EEG
- Test how fast the brain respons
- test how brain response changes as a function of different types of stimuli
How does MEG scanning work ?
- measures the electrical activity of groups of neurons
- Extends ERP by giving also a localisation
How does pet scanning work ?
- identfies areas which need more blood during a task by tracing a radioactive substance injected into the blood
How does TMS Work ?
- manipulate the activity of a small region of the grey matter and to examine the effects of this interference on the time needed to complete a particular task
- links location to function
