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Tut 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did edwin smith papyrus revealed ?

A
  • Showed the first link between brain injuries and mental/behavioural consequences
  • Description of brain injuries
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2
Q

What did the Egyptian and Greek sociities believe regarding intelligence ?

A
  • heart is the place of the soul and where our intellegence is
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3
Q

What was platos view regarding the brain ?

A

That our body was divided in three parts:

  1. brain = reasponsible for reasoning / immortal
  2. Heart = is there for sensation
  3. liver = appetite
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4
Q

What was Aristotle view regarding the soul ?

A
  • soul is located in the heart = heat

- Brain counterbalancing the heart = cold

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5
Q

What did Galen figure out about the brain ?

A
  • brain and nerves are modulator for movement
  • soul located in solid parts of the brain
  • animal spirit is located in ventricles and travel trough nerves to the body
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6
Q

What did descartes hypothesised regarding intelligent ?

A
  • pinal gland

- Renaissance

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7
Q

What did Vesalius belief regarding the soul ?

A
  • Followed galen soul = in brain
  • Extended the view by discovering 3 ventricles
  • Renaissance
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8
Q

What was Vesalius extended view on Galen ?

A
  1. Front VEN -> receives info from senses and is there for imagination
  2. Middle VEN -> thought and judgment
  3. Back VEN-> memory
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9
Q

What was the major switch in the renaissance? (by who was that switch influenced by ? )

A

Switch from ventricles being the control centrum to brain tissue
- Because of grafenberg

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10
Q

What happend in the 17th and 18th century regarding the brain ?

A
  • focus was on brain and reflexes
  • distinction between grey and white matter
  • findings that grey matter was numb
  • New findings on nervous system but no better treatment in injuries was yet gained
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11
Q

What were the five big breaktroughs regarding the 19th century ?

A
  1. Discovery of cerebrospinal axis
  2. Discovery of the impact of reflexes
  3. discussions between proponents of brain equipotentiality vs adherents of brain localization
  4. discovery of nerve cells
  5. Discovery of communication between neurons
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12
Q

What was so imprtant about the Discovery of cerebrospinal axis ?

A
  • > spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and was involved in controling body functions
  • found out because cerbral hemisphere was not needed for body function
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13
Q

What was so important about the Discovery of the impact of reflexes ?

A
  • processes in CNS were not voluntary -> reflexes
  • Marshall Hall: figured out the reflex arc (model)
    1. Afferent neurons to brain
    2. efferent away from the brain
  • Higher cognitive function can also be reflexes -> Pavlo
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14
Q

What did marshall hall concluded regarding reflexes ?

A

All muscular function depend on refelexes besides

- will/intention breading/heart activity and sensitivity

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15
Q

What does proponents of brain equipotentiality stand for ?

A
  • brain functions as a whole with all parts having an equal significance
  • dominant view but not true
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16
Q

What does adherents of brain localization stand for ? Who did it mainly supported?

A
  • only part of the brain underlies a particular mental function
  • Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud / Paul Broca-< regarding language production there a specific areas
17
Q

What did the discovery of nerve cell lead to ? Who and how did he figured it out ?

A
  • Brain consist out of a network of indidvidual neurons
  • Grey matter -> cell
  • White matter axons
  • Golgi via microscopes coloured brain tissue
    (growth of technology)
  • > Santiago said more it was independent/single cells !
18
Q

What was so important about the communication between cell ? By who was it find out ?

A
  • electrical information involved in intra-cell communication
  • chemical information transfer for communication between neurons (helmholtz)
  • Electrical nervous system find out by Galvani (frog).-> 100% by Reymond
19
Q

How does Single cell recording work ?

A
  • Electrodes were planted in individual brain cells and recorded when the cells fire presenting different types of stimul
  • First and invasive
20
Q

How does EEG recording work ?

A
  • Elctrodes on human scalp

- recordes summed electrcal activity of cells

21
Q

How does ERP work ?

A
  • Based on EEG recordings
  • avergaes the signal of EEG
  • Test how fast the brain respons
  • test how brain response changes as a function of different types of stimuli
22
Q

How does MEG scanning work ?

A
  • measures the electrical activity of groups of neurons

- Extends ERP by giving also a localisation

23
Q

How does pet scanning work ?

A
  • identfies areas which need more blood during a task by tracing a radioactive substance injected into the blood
24
Q

How does TMS Work ?

A
  • manipulate the activity of a small region of the grey matter and to examine the effects of this interference on the time needed to complete a particular task
  • links location to function
25
Q

How does fmri work ?

A
  • based on the measurement of blood with oxygen vs. blood without oxygen
26
Q

Name the 3 reasons why the new meassurmnets are good:

A
  1. Allowed empiraclly showing that brain regions are involved in specific task instead of speculating
  2. localication provides information about processes
  3. Showed that all areas interact with one another but is still divided in regions
27
Q

What are the four types of delusion ?

A
  1. Presecutory = someone wants to harm u
  2. body mind control (controlled by alien)
  3. grandiose (achieved something but no one recognized it)
  4. religious (contact with religious figure)
28
Q

What is the capgras delusion ?

A
  • a situation in which a person still recognizes close relatives, but is convinced that they have been replaced by look-alikes.
  • u lose the emotional link
29
Q

What was the interpretation of freud regarding delusion ?

A
  • oedipus complex explaines discrepancy because your mum can not be the person u love
30
Q

How do neuropsychiatry people explain delusion ?

A
  • link between cortex and amygdala is blocked
  • > all sensation can not lead to an emotion
  • No emotions can be connected to familar faces
31
Q

What was Wigan theory ?

A
  • each hemisphere is a single brain
  • Each brian has an independent consciousness
  • One consciousness dominats the other which is our consciousness
  • seperated by corpus callosum
  • only 2 thinks mutitsaking is possible
  • Weaker brain takes over if dammaged or tired
32
Q

What was soo important about the 20th century ?

A
  • discovery of neurotansmitter
  • more focus on human brain
  • developemnt of neuropsychologist
  • later cognitive neurosience (part of neuropsychologist+ cognitive psychlogy)
33
Q

Why was the focus more on the human brain ?

A

Cause of bullet wound during WW -> made it possible to study people while they are alive

  • Gordon holmes: damage in occipital lobe ->vision loss
  • joachim: inability to recognize faces
34
Q

What defines neuropsychologist ?

A
  • link between medical world and psychology

- focused on loclaisation and injury connection to behavior

35
Q

What was the first problem which was identfied by cognitive neuroscience ?

A
  • the deep dyylexia problem on a neuronal base

- head injury -> reasoning problems

36
Q

What did thomas willis say regarding brain functions ?

A
  • no animal spirits rather liquids

- grey matter has function of memory

37
Q

What did cognitive neurosience do ?

A
  • used information processing model -> to develop processing theory
  • used of FMRI
38
Q

What is cognitive psychology ?

A
  • Information processing
39
Q

What is phrenology and who invented it ?

A
  • joseph Gal
  • bumps on the skull to predict mental traits (intelligent)
  • Brain = mind

History (9 decks)

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