Tut 2 Done Compare to Elena if everything is filled in !

Question 1

When did the scientific revolution take place ?

By what did it get early influenced?

Answer 1

-in 17 century
Influenced by:
1. Discoveries/new innovations
2. Growth of population after wars of 15 th
3. The crises of the church (dualistic view King or Church)
4. By Scientist
5. Large group of merchants (Kaufleute) who solved the tension between scholar and artisan (Handwerker)
6. Universities -> Science got more intention
7. Civilization interaction

Question 2

Which scientist influenced the scientific revolution?

Answer 2

• Gallilei publishing his book about supporting the Heliocentric model ,
• Newton and Descartes
• (Martin Luther king) 1517 with protestant reformation
• Archimedes created the basics of mathematics

Question 3

What major discoveries influenced the scientific revolution?

Answer 3

1. Earth did not form center of the universe
2. Many things on earth (including human body) could be understood as complicated machines
3. movements on earth/ universe can be understood with mathematical equations -> Laws of physics

Question 4

What is the geocentric model of the universe and when and by who was it founded ?

Answer 4

• Founded by Aristotle in 16 century
• universe is limited with earth in the middle/center and sourrunded by stars
• wandering stars 7 between stars and earth
• Supported by the catholic church
• sun takes a day around the earth

Question 5

What is the heliocentric model of the universe and when and by who was it founded ?

Answer 5

• Founded by Copernicus’s and published on 1543
• Not supported by the Catholic Church
• Sun was the center of the universe
• The earth spun (dreht sich) around his axis to cause day and night
• earth takes one year around the sun
• Organistic believes

Question 6

When did Galileo Galilei live and what did he discovered ?

Answer 6

• 1564-1642
  Used a telescope to discover:
  1. More starts
  2. Surface of moon was not smooth
  3. sizes of Venus and mars increased and decreased in cycle (which means earth is moving)
  4. Jupiter had four orbiting moon
• Supported strongly the heliocentric model /fight with church

Question 7

What major innovations influenced the scientific revolution?

Answer 7

• Paper and printing (in mother language)
• Mechanical clock
• Compas telescope and microscope

Question 8

How could have scientific revolution being prevented ?

Answer 8

• due to disaster ( such as wars) which were absence between 15-19 century
• Church not supporting science but protestant revolution church did
• not setting up meeting of learned societies and universities but they did (the burger class meeting)
• not realizing that not everything is known yet

Question 9

What is meant by Natural philosopher ?

Answer 9

• Old word for scientist which came up in 1833

- intellectual wanted an understanding nature

Question 10

When was France bacon born and what did he support/propossed ?

Answer 10

• 1561-1626
• Published a book in 1620 “Novum Organs”
• perception/systematic observation and inductive reasoning is important to understand and find new phenomenas
• perception is bias (limited on senses)
• goal of phenomenase was to become axioms

Question 11

What is experimental histories ?

Answer 11

• Natural philosopher/scientist extracts truth from Nature by active manipulation + examining the consequences of the intervention!
• Was used because of time efficient ( no need for much observation)

Question 12

What is deductive reasoning and who used it ?

Answer 12

• Also called top down logic
• Comes up with a logical true conclusion
• logical reasoning/ innate knowledge
• From general to specific ‘‘applying rules to broader sense’’
  A=B, B=C, C=A

Question 13

What is inductive reasoning ?

Answer 13

• Observations tries to reach general conclusions on basis of convergences in observations
• Convergence obersevation = Lawas
• Bacon supports the ides
• A=B, A=B, A=B

Question 14

How did society change as a result of the scientific revolution ?

Answer 14

• Industrial revolution
• socioeconomic and cultural changes
• resulting in relocation from country -> city
• Generall life expactions raises (better health -> longer life->more knowledge)
• individual capacities were more important than the class one came from

Question 15

What is the problem with the society changes after the scientific revolution ?

Answer 15

• Pollution problem and exposure to natural resources

Question 16

What is the Aristotle’s worldview and how long was it presence ?

Answer 16

• From 300 BC to 1600 AD
• Earth is located at the center of UNI
• Earth is not moving
• Objects are stationary and won’t move until there is motion (besides circular motion of planets)
• Colors smell and sound have a physical existence
• The universe is not infinite
• All of them were wrong but well reasoned (Jigsaw)

Question 17

What does a jigsaw puzzle regarding Aristotle contain?

Answer 17

1. Peripheral beliefs = can be replaced without much alternation in the overall worldview
2. Core beliefs = cannot be removed and replaced without having an impact on the entire system of beliefs

Question 18

What is the newton worldview and when did Isaac newton live ?

Answer 18

• 1642-1727
• Earth is moving around the sun
• Earth revolves on its axis every 24 hours completed
• More than 100 basic elements in the universe
• Planets and stars, made of same elements and laws as objects on Earth and earth
• objects behave in the way they do based on external forces (gravity)
• Mechanical view

Question 19

Name the different theories why modern science came up ?

Answer 19

1. Italien renaissance: re birth of science
2. Copernicus is the farther of revolution / new science
3. Scientific revolution started with Copernicus and ended with newton
4. 17 century main figured are Galileo and newton

Question 20

What are some characteristics of modern science ?

Answer 20

1. Empiricism -> over and above speculative reasoning
2. Analysing phenomenas in experimental way
3. Mathematization of nature (general mathematics)
4. Emancipation of manual (handbuch) workers

Question 21

Name basic information of copernicus ?

Answer 21

• Introduction to annual (jährliche) motion of earth
• Copernicus physics was organistic not mechanistic
• Founder of heliocentric model which was the basis of Kepler and Galileo

Question 22

What does science exist of according to the 2 faces article ?

Answer 22

• Natural philosophy (knowledge +Why)
• and instrumentality (how does it work)
• Can not be explained together

Question 23

What is meant by Intelligibility ?

Answer 23

• Being understandable (U know the how and why factor)

Question 24

What is meant by organistic?

Answer 24

• Every object has it own force / moves natural

- Innate drive Aristotle

Question 25

What is meant by Mechanistic ?

Answer 25

• Every object moves due to some kind of laws and mathematical equation
• Decards Copernicus newton

Question 26

Explain the old science:

Answer 26

• Mainly influenced by Aristotle
• Empirical = Observation is key to nature
• 5 Elements (earth, water, fire, air ether )
• They all have a natural place (E.g fire goes up )(besides ether)
• 3 Types of souls (nutrient/sensitive/Rational)
• Soul and form are not separated

Question 27

Who were the destroyer of the Old Aristotle’s view and what were there reasons behind it ?

Answer 27

• Galileo and Descartes (immense gap between seeing and reality ) -> Hidden world
• Aristotles = no gap between what we see and reality

Question 28

How do we find the hidden world according to Gallileo/Descarts, Bacon and plato ?

Answer 28

Hidden world can be found trough out

• G/D= Mathematical science
• Bacon: Experimental science
• plato: Acceptance that our perception is a reflection of true nature