Tut 1 Done Flashcards
1
Q
Which homo species first used the fire?
A
- Homo habilis
- Homo ergaster
- Homo erectus
2
Q
How did the first fire come up?
A
Due to naturell events
- Lightning
3
Q
What was fire used for ?
A
- Hunting
- Keeping us warm
- Cooking (appeticing) + invention of pottery to store food
- Development of Glass (5000 yeras) and Metal for weapons
4
Q
Why was cooking so important ?
A
- less bacteria
- more nutration and calories (leaded to brain growth)
- Food could be stored
5
Q
What were the effect of keeping warm ?
A
- Longer and different Settlement
- more socilaication
6
Q
What are some specialitys about the number systems ?
A
- Subitising: Newborns animals or humans can directly distinguish betweenn one two and three
- 11-19 irregularities because based 10 system was not yet developed
7
Q
When and where were numbers fist found ?
A
- in bones and stones
- Numbers of 1 - 10 even before language
2000 BCE
8
Q
What was the first number system ?
A
- Tallies were used (Stripes)
9
Q
What was the problem with Talies ?
A
That we rapidly exceed the limits of perception
everything bigger then 4
10
Q
Name the solutions on how to evolve the talies system:
A
Grouping of tallies and using Symbols instead !
11
Q
What kind of grouping regading numbers did history come up with it ?
A
- -> 5 based units
- Why ? Because of perceptual limits which occurs after 5 and because we have 5 fingers - -> 10 based units
- -> 600 BCE Greek
- 24 units that is why we have 24 hour system - -> 500 BCE India
- place coding system - -> Sumerian: 60 Base units
- 60 min system
12
Q
What is place coding regarding the india system ?
A
Place coding means that not only Forms of they symsbols matter but also placement!
- Special number was zero !
13
Q
Name the 3 different group sizes ?
A
- Small living groups
- 30 to 50 indivi called camps and bands overnight - Large population
- 500 to 2500 called tribe - Intermediate lvl of grouping
- 100 to 200 called the permanent village
most efficiently in working together (used by the army)
Conclusion: all are hierarchy organized because of characterizing people in certain types
14
Q
What do primates use for socilaisation?
A
- Grooming (säubern pfelgen)
- In general if u do not have enough time to groom everyone the the group will split up !
15
Q
What do humans use for socilaisation ?
A
- language
- For hunting in particular
16
Q
Why do humans use language for socialication ?
A
- More rapidly learning about the characteristics of other humans because:
1. speech can be combined with other activities
2. Third party social relationship: - Not the need to observe someone and still be able to identify characteristics based on reliable others
3. The ability to talk to more than one person at a time - 2.76 times faster then grooming
4. Limit on 5 people to talk at the same time because of the distance between the speaker and listener
17
Q
How do we identify group size ?
A
- Based on the growth of the neocortex
- And habbit specific (Umgebung)
- How much food and space is given
3: In generall they have a multitired social system-> in a big group there are many small groups(Key friends) which are good for protection
18
Q
Name the timeline of the earth:
A
- Earth is 4.6 billion years old
- Cambrian explosion (Urknall)
542 million years ago
1. Paleozic era 540 to 250 million years ago - Born of fish plants insects amphibians and reptiles
2. Mesosize era 250 to 60 million years ago - Age of dinosaurs and beginning of mammals
3. Cenozic era: 66 million years ago - Age of only mammals (säugetire)
19
Q
What separates us from Animals ?
A
- Opposable of thumb = Needed for manipulating/changing the environment around you
- Eyesight (how good u can see) = Needed for hunting (predator)
- Language = To pass on ur knowledge to next generation
20
Q
What is the social Intelligence hypothesis ?
A
It says that social impact such as theather politics, family and relationships is the main source of brain growth !
21
Q
What are the major theorys of how life developed ?
A
- hit by a major disaster (a meteor strike or a major volcanic eruption)
- Oxygen level raises become to allow the creation of larger organisms
- Changes in temperature
22
Q
What is preliterate civilization and what are some of the characteristics of the culture regarding Lindenberg?
A
Definition: Civilization before writing was invented !
- The “ know how to charcteristic “which states that they just did whatever they did without undertsanding the major priniciples
- The characteristic Fluidity: Knowledge of history only gets passed on betwenn two generations
- Existence of myths due to the fact that we need expalantion
- In general, culture was highly influenced by animism
23
Q
What is Animism ?
A
It is the explanation of workings of the world and universe by means of spirits with human-like characteristics.
- Hurting trees for example
24
Q
What are the characteristics of the writtings systmes ?
A
- Pictograms: close to pictures of persons, animlas or objects
- Phonograms: signs which represent sounds of spoken language
25
What is special about the Fertile Crescent ?
- Region in the middle east with high lvl of civiliaztion
- it was influnced by the Sumerian, egyptian and mesopotamia culutures
- Around 3000BCE
26
What is so special regarding the egyptain culture ?
- High knowledge on geometrical knowledge
| - created the first calender
27
What is so special about the mesopotamia culture ?
- High mathematical knowledge
- Founders of algebric equations
- Astronomy ( which was used to know when to plent and when to pick up)
- Maps of heaven
28
What is so special about the greek culture?
- 600 BCE
- First culuture using philosophy
- Definiton of philosophy: Critical refelxtion on the universe and human functioning
29
What did Heraclitus stand for ?
- 535-475 BCE
| - everything is constantly changing, because the condition will never be identical
30
Name some facts about plato and what he stood for ?
- Socrates was his mentor (he showed negative correlations between writing down and memory)
- Soul and body as two distinct (dualism)
- Was supported by the church
- Method of knowledge used Rationalism
- 427-348 BCE
31
What did plato divide the soul in ?
1. Reason (brain)
2. Sensation and Emotion (heart)
3. Appetite and lower passions (liver)
32
What is rationalism ?
The practice or principle of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
33
Name some facts about Aristole:
- 384 – 322 BCE
- Student of Plato
- used first proposition and later syllogism
- Defined the rules of logic thinking
- Tension whit Christian church
- emperism
34
What are syllogism (based on an example) ?
1. Major premise: All men are mortal
2. Minor premise: Aristotle is a man
3. Conclusion: Aristotle is mortal
35
Why did Aristole had some tension with the church ?
1. the universe, including the Earth, was eternal (without beginning and end)
2. He believed: soul could not exist without a body and ended together with the body
36
How did the dark age/Renaisance came up?
- People were disappointed because of the switch of language from greek to latin
- Latin could not cover all the findings of the greeks
- From that on the lack of scientific thinking evolved (everyone believed what has been told to belief)
37
Define the Renessiance:
- culture movement
- 1300 to 1600 century
- Return of science due to protestant reformation in 1516 against the ctaholic church
38
When did book printing came up and why was it so important ?
- 1300, letters were carved in a woodblock and printed on cloth
- 1450 movable printing was invented by Johannes Gutenberg
- leaded to more availability of information
39
What is Zeitgeist ?
Discoveries are not based on people it was just simply the right time
40
Name certain biases regarding wriiting ?
1. The Matthew effect: give more credit to well-known scientists than they deserve
2. Hindsight bias: A tendency to assume that they (scientist) knew more than they actually did
3. Ethnocentrism: A tendency to give too much credit to the input of economically (healthy) dominant groups
41
What is the general danger of history writing ?
1. History writing always involves simplification and streamlining
2. History writers often rely on summaries and interpretations made by other writers
42
What is the scholastic method?
- The method used until 1600
| - used by aristotle (u solve a question/problem based on allready known facts) Pro and con-> decides if scientific
43
In which culture was language first used?
- China 6000 BCE
- Egypt/summer 3200 BCE
- America 300 BCE
44
What is systematic reasoning?
- thinking is a methodical, planned , and organized way
45
How did aristotle divide knowledge ?
Divided knowledge in:
- Productive science: figuring our how to creatw a product
- Practical science: figuring out how to live a good life
- Theoretical science: is the first philosophy, or metaphysics as we now call it, but also mathematics, and physics,
