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Tut 1 Done Flashcards

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1
Q

Which homo species first used the fire?

A
  1. Homo habilis
  2. Homo ergaster
  3. Homo erectus
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2
Q

How did the first fire come up?

A

Due to naturell events

- Lightning

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3
Q

What was fire used for ?

A
  • Hunting
  • Keeping us warm
  • Cooking (appeticing) + invention of pottery to store food
  • Development of Glass (5000 yeras) and Metal for weapons
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4
Q

Why was cooking so important ?

A
  • less bacteria
  • more nutration and calories (leaded to brain growth)
  • Food could be stored
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5
Q

What were the effect of keeping warm ?

A
  • Longer and different Settlement

- more socilaication

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6
Q

What are some specialitys about the number systems ?

A
  • Subitising: Newborns animals or humans can directly distinguish betweenn one two and three
  • 11-19 irregularities because based 10 system was not yet developed
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7
Q

When and where were numbers fist found ?

A
  • in bones and stones
  • Numbers of 1 - 10 even before language
    2000 BCE
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8
Q

What was the first number system ?

A
  • Tallies were used (Stripes)
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9
Q

What was the problem with Talies ?

A

That we rapidly exceed the limits of perception

everything bigger then 4

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10
Q

Name the solutions on how to evolve the talies system:

A

Grouping of tallies and using Symbols instead !

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11
Q

What kind of grouping regading numbers did history come up with it ?

A
  1. -> 5 based units
    - Why ? Because of perceptual limits which occurs after 5 and because we have 5 fingers
  2. -> 10 based units
  3. -> 600 BCE Greek
    - 24 units that is why we have 24 hour system
  4. -> 500 BCE India
    - place coding system
  5. -> Sumerian: 60 Base units
    - 60 min system
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12
Q

What is place coding regarding the india system ?

A

Place coding means that not only Forms of they symsbols matter but also placement!
- Special number was zero !

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13
Q

Name the 3 different group sizes ?

A
  1. Small living groups
    - 30 to 50 indivi called camps and bands overnight
  2. Large population
    - 500 to 2500 called tribe
  3. Intermediate lvl of grouping
    - 100 to 200 called the permanent village
    most efficiently in working together (used by the army)
    Conclusion: all are hierarchy organized because of characterizing people in certain types
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14
Q

What do primates use for socilaisation?

A
  • Grooming (säubern pfelgen)

- In general if u do not have enough time to groom everyone the the group will split up !

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15
Q

What do humans use for socilaisation ?

A
  • language

- For hunting in particular

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16
Q

Why do humans use language for socialication ?

A
  • More rapidly learning about the characteristics of other humans because:
    1. speech can be combined with other activities
    2. Third party social relationship:
  • Not the need to observe someone and still be able to identify characteristics based on reliable others
    3. The ability to talk to more than one person at a time
  • 2.76 times faster then grooming
    4. Limit on 5 people to talk at the same time because of the distance between the speaker and listener
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17
Q

How do we identify group size ?

A
  1. Based on the growth of the neocortex
  2. And habbit specific (Umgebung)
    - How much food and space is given
    3: In generall they have a multitired social system-> in a big group there are many small groups(Key friends) which are good for protection
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18
Q

Name the timeline of the earth:

A
  • Earth is 4.6 billion years old
  • Cambrian explosion (Urknall)
    542 million years ago
    1. Paleozic era 540 to 250 million years ago
  • Born of fish plants insects amphibians and reptiles
    2. Mesosize era 250 to 60 million years ago
  • Age of dinosaurs and beginning of mammals
    3. Cenozic era: 66 million years ago
  • Age of only mammals (säugetire)
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19
Q

What separates us from Animals ?

A
  1. Opposable of thumb = Needed for manipulating/changing the environment around you
  2. Eyesight (how good u can see) = Needed for hunting (predator)
  3. Language = To pass on ur knowledge to next generation
20
Q

What is the social Intelligence hypothesis ?

A

It says that social impact such as theather politics, family and relationships is the main source of brain growth !

21
Q

What are the major theorys of how life developed ?

A
  1. hit by a major disaster (a meteor strike or a major volcanic eruption)
  2. Oxygen level raises become to allow the creation of larger organisms
  3. Changes in temperature
22
Q

What is preliterate civilization and what are some of the characteristics of the culture regarding Lindenberg?

A

Definition: Civilization before writing was invented !

  1. The “ know how to charcteristic “which states that they just did whatever they did without undertsanding the major priniciples
  2. The characteristic Fluidity: Knowledge of history only gets passed on betwenn two generations
  3. Existence of myths due to the fact that we need expalantion
    - In general, culture was highly influenced by animism
23
Q

What is Animism ?

A

It is the explanation of workings of the world and universe by means of spirits with human-like characteristics.
- Hurting trees for example

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the writtings systmes ?

A
  1. Pictograms: close to pictures of persons, animlas or objects
  2. Phonograms: signs which represent sounds of spoken language
25
Q

What is special about the Fertile Crescent ?

A
  • Region in the middle east with high lvl of civiliaztion
  • it was influnced by the Sumerian, egyptian and mesopotamia culutures
  • Around 3000BCE
26
Q

What is so special regarding the egyptain culture ?

A
  • High knowledge on geometrical knowledge

- created the first calender

27
Q

What is so special about the mesopotamia culture ?

A
  • High mathematical knowledge
  • Founders of algebric equations
  • Astronomy ( which was used to know when to plent and when to pick up)
  • Maps of heaven
28
Q

What is so special about the greek culture?

A
  • 600 BCE
  • First culuture using philosophy
  • Definiton of philosophy: Critical refelxtion on the universe and human functioning
29
Q

What did Heraclitus stand for ?

A
  • 535-475 BCE

- everything is constantly changing, because the condition will never be identical

30
Q

Name some facts about plato and what he stood for ?

A
  • Socrates was his mentor (he showed negative correlations between writing down and memory)
  • Soul and body as two distinct (dualism)
  • Was supported by the church
  • Method of knowledge used Rationalism
  • 427-348 BCE
31
Q

What did plato divide the soul in ?

A
  1. Reason (brain)
  2. Sensation and Emotion (heart)
  3. Appetite and lower passions (liver)
32
Q

What is rationalism ?

A

The practice or principle of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

33
Q

Name some facts about Aristole:

A
  • 384 – 322 BCE
  • Student of Plato
  • used first proposition and later syllogism
  • Defined the rules of logic thinking
  • Tension whit Christian church
  • emperism
34
Q

What are syllogism (based on an example) ?

A
  1. Major premise: All men are mortal
  2. Minor premise: Aristotle is a man
  3. Conclusion: Aristotle is mortal
35
Q

Why did Aristole had some tension with the church ?

A
  1. the universe, including the Earth, was eternal (without beginning and end)
  2. He believed: soul could not exist without a body and ended together with the body
36
Q

How did the dark age/Renaisance came up?

A
  • People were disappointed because of the switch of language from greek to latin
  • Latin could not cover all the findings of the greeks
  • From that on the lack of scientific thinking evolved (everyone believed what has been told to belief)
37
Q

Define the Renessiance:

A
  • culture movement
  • 1300 to 1600 century
  • Return of science due to protestant reformation in 1516 against the ctaholic church
38
Q

When did book printing came up and why was it so important ?

A
  • 1300, letters were carved in a woodblock and printed on cloth
  • 1450 movable printing was invented by Johannes Gutenberg
  • leaded to more availability of information
39
Q

What is Zeitgeist ?

A

Discoveries are not based on people it was just simply the right time

40
Q

Name certain biases regarding wriiting ?

A
  1. The Matthew effect: give more credit to well-known scientists than they deserve
  2. Hindsight bias: A tendency to assume that they (scientist) knew more than they actually did
  3. Ethnocentrism: A tendency to give too much credit to the input of economically (healthy) dominant groups
41
Q

What is the general danger of history writing ?

A
  1. History writing always involves simplification and streamlining
  2. History writers often rely on summaries and interpretations made by other writers
42
Q

What is the scholastic method?

A
  • The method used until 1600

- used by aristotle (u solve a question/problem based on allready known facts) Pro and con-> decides if scientific

43
Q

In which culture was language first used?

A
  • China 6000 BCE
  • Egypt/summer 3200 BCE
  • America 300 BCE
44
Q

What is systematic reasoning?

A
  • thinking is a methodical, planned , and organized way
45
Q

How did aristotle divide knowledge ?

A

Divided knowledge in:

  • Productive science: figuring our how to creatw a product
  • Practical science: figuring out how to live a good life
  • Theoretical science: is the first philosophy, or metaphysics as we now call it, but also mathematics, and physics,

History (9 decks)

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