Tut 8 Flashcards
What is the definition of social learning ?
- interaction -> observing -> reacting
- learning from others
Definition of observational learning:
- Observer observes actvly an event and bases laiter actions on it
- = same as social learning
What is the difference between social learning and classical conditioning ?
- Researcher can not predict what will be learned
- Perceiving problem
- In classical they could
Defintion of copying:
- doing what u observed in another organism
- 2 types imitation / emulation
What did albert bandura observe ?
- Children played gently or aggressively
with the Bobo Doll
-> Depended on how they observed an adult
interact with the doll
What did albert conclude from his study ?
-> Which means memory is changing while u are observing
What can we conclude from observing aggresive behavior ?
- Sometimes childreen become more aggressive (evidence was the attacking style)
- sometimes it can inhibt aggressive behavior
What is the old social learning theory ?
- > The kind of reinforcements an individual has experienced in the past will determine how that individual will act in future
- reinforcment determines personality
- > operant conditioning
New social learning theory ?
- does not focus on conditioning instead explains behavior via cognitive processes, such as thinking
- does not need reinforcemnt only needs observation
What are the four basic principles of bandura of copying behavior ?
- presence of a model increases attention
- Storing of memory in accesible format
- ability to actually reproduce the action
- motivation is key
What are the two additional factors which can influence copying bahvior regarding bandura ?
- Status of identity (admiring/similarity)
- and if the outcome is desirble
What is the definition of true imitation ?
Copying that involves reproducing motor actions
- Evidence two action test
What is emulation ?
- Copying the outcome or goal
- not neccesary to copy exact motor movements
What is the definition of perspective taking and how does it impact immitation?
- imagining oneself in the place of another,
- makes imitation easier but is still independet
( Do as I do task)
What ist two action test ?
- 2 actions but only one u observe
- do u copy exact the observed action on how to solve a task or not ?
- Test if the immiattion is actually a true immitation
What does true imitation and emulation depend on ?
- on the availability of memories for facts or events
What is emotional contagion ?
- inborn tendency
- We react emotionally to others
emotional reactions. - not true immitation
- when a baby cries in an airplane everyone else cries
What is observtaional conditioning ?
- A conditioning process in which contagion
is used to learn a specific behavior in
response to a certain stimulus - If one black bird attacs the bottle then everyone else does
What is stimulu enhancment ?
- attention is shiffted based on other response
- point in an a dricetion so u look directly towards it
- not copying just interested
What is the definition of social transmission of information ?
- observer learns something new through experiences with/from others
- Only in humans possible
- Via televison or radio/ langauge
Explain the rat experiment regarding social conformity/transmission :
- Both rats are feed with food
- Observer rat is removed and also no rat gains food
- Demonstrator get a flavored food
- Rats come togteher
- Observer smells the flavor and if he has a choice regarding two flavors he takes the flavor which he smelled
What is the definition of social conformity ?
- new members tend
to adopt behavior of the majority
What are the benefits and contras of social conformity ?
- pros: protection
- con: counters positive development of traits
What are the effects of media on behavior ?
- same as for banduras study
- violent movies can lead to more aggresive behavior but it also can inhibit
- Conclusion it harms then more then it is good for them
- homocid increased after telvesion
What is the direct-matching hypothesis ?
- visually observing an action activates the same neural system which is need to perform the task
- and memories are stored while the process/observation is happening
Where are mirror neurons located ?
- pre motor cortex
What are mirror neurons ?
- neurons that fire both during performance of an action and during visual observations
- copying is basiaclly reactivading same neurons
- only evidence in monkeys
What is the role of the hippocampus and basel ganglia regarding observational learning?
- formation of epsiodic memory (Hippocampus) + emotion (basel ganglia) influencing behavior -> immitation
Why do people wit autism have difficulty with immitation ?
- because it is less reinforcing compared to other childreen
- impairmend in immiation function
- mind blindness theory
What is the mind blindness theory ?
- childreen with autism have trouble taking others perspective
What is echolia ?
- automatic immitation / uncontrolable imitation of sounds which are shown in autism people
What are the brain abnormbilities which autistic people show ?
- Abnormal size of cerebellum, temporal
lobes, amygdala and corpus callosum - Differences in circuits where mirror
neurons are suspected
Which region must be damaged which affects immitation ?
- Frontal lobe
-> inability to voluntary reproduce
observed actions - Tendency to involuntary imitate
observed actions
What is the correlation between automatic and voluntary immitation ?
- If the one increases the other decreases
What is the broken mirrior hypothesis ?
- Autism can not feel empathy if mirror neurons are broken which means we can not imitate
- explains why autistic people can not copy behavior
What are mirror neurons good for ?
- empathy imitation
Are not mirror neurons specific ?
Yes
- some are for grasping holding tearing
- allows fast reaction
