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Memory > Tut 8 > Flashcards

Tut 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of social learning ?

A
  • interaction -> observing -> reacting

- learning from others

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2
Q

Definition of observational learning:

A
  • Observer observes actvly an event and bases laiter actions on it
  • = same as social learning
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3
Q

What is the difference between social learning and classical conditioning ?

A
  • Researcher can not predict what will be learned
  • Perceiving problem
  • In classical they could
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4
Q

Defintion of copying:

A
  • doing what u observed in another organism

- 2 types imitation / emulation

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5
Q

What did albert bandura observe ?

A
  • Children played gently or aggressively
    with the Bobo Doll
    -> Depended on how they observed an adult
    interact with the doll
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6
Q

What did albert conclude from his study ?

A

-> Which means memory is changing while u are observing

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7
Q

What can we conclude from observing aggresive behavior ?

A
  • Sometimes childreen become more aggressive (evidence was the attacking style)
  • sometimes it can inhibt aggressive behavior
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8
Q

What is the old social learning theory ?

A
  • > The kind of reinforcements an individual has experienced in the past will determine how that individual will act in future
  • reinforcment determines personality
  • > operant conditioning
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9
Q

New social learning theory ?

A
  • does not focus on conditioning instead explains behavior via cognitive processes, such as thinking
  • does not need reinforcemnt only needs observation
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10
Q

What are the four basic principles of bandura of copying behavior ?

A
  1. presence of a model increases attention
  2. Storing of memory in accesible format
  3. ability to actually reproduce the action
  4. motivation is key
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11
Q

What are the two additional factors which can influence copying bahvior regarding bandura ?

A
  • Status of identity (admiring/similarity)

- and if the outcome is desirble

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12
Q

What is the definition of true imitation ?

A

Copying that involves reproducing motor actions

- Evidence two action test

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13
Q

What is emulation ?

A
  • Copying the outcome or goal

- not neccesary to copy exact motor movements

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14
Q

What is the definition of perspective taking and how does it impact immitation?

A
  • imagining oneself in the place of another,
  • makes imitation easier but is still independet
    ( Do as I do task)
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15
Q

What ist two action test ?

A
  • 2 actions but only one u observe
  • do u copy exact the observed action on how to solve a task or not ?
  • Test if the immiattion is actually a true immitation
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16
Q

What does true imitation and emulation depend on ?

A
  • on the availability of memories for facts or events
17
Q

What is emotional contagion ?

A
  • inborn tendency
  • We react emotionally to others
    emotional reactions.
  • not true immitation
  • when a baby cries in an airplane everyone else cries
18
Q

What is observtaional conditioning ?

A
  • A conditioning process in which contagion
    is used to learn a specific behavior in
    response to a certain stimulus
  • If one black bird attacs the bottle then everyone else does
19
Q

What is stimulu enhancment ?

A
  • attention is shiffted based on other response
  • point in an a dricetion so u look directly towards it
  • not copying just interested
20
Q

What is the definition of social transmission of information ?

A
  • observer learns something new through experiences with/from others
  • Only in humans possible
  • Via televison or radio/ langauge
21
Q

Explain the rat experiment regarding social conformity/transmission :

A
  1. Both rats are feed with food
  2. Observer rat is removed and also no rat gains food
  3. Demonstrator get a flavored food
  4. Rats come togteher
  5. Observer smells the flavor and if he has a choice regarding two flavors he takes the flavor which he smelled
22
Q

What is the definition of social conformity ?

A
  • new members tend

to adopt behavior of the majority

23
Q

What are the benefits and contras of social conformity ?

A
  • pros: protection

- con: counters positive development of traits

24
Q

What are the effects of media on behavior ?

A
  • same as for banduras study
  • violent movies can lead to more aggresive behavior but it also can inhibit
  • Conclusion it harms then more then it is good for them
  • homocid increased after telvesion
25
Q

What is the direct-matching hypothesis ?

A
  • visually observing an action activates the same neural system which is need to perform the task
  • and memories are stored while the process/observation is happening
26
Q

Where are mirror neurons located ?

A
  • pre motor cortex
27
Q

What are mirror neurons ?

A
  • neurons that fire both during performance of an action and during visual observations
  • copying is basiaclly reactivading same neurons
  • only evidence in monkeys
28
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus and basel ganglia regarding observational learning?

A
  • formation of epsiodic memory (Hippocampus) + emotion (basel ganglia) influencing behavior -> immitation
29
Q

Why do people wit autism have difficulty with immitation ?

A
  • because it is less reinforcing compared to other childreen
  • impairmend in immiation function
  • mind blindness theory
30
Q

What is the mind blindness theory ?

A
  • childreen with autism have trouble taking others perspective
31
Q

What is echolia ?

A
  • automatic immitation / uncontrolable imitation of sounds which are shown in autism people
32
Q

What are the brain abnormbilities which autistic people show ?

A
  • Abnormal size of cerebellum, temporal
    lobes, amygdala and corpus callosum
  • Differences in circuits where mirror
    neurons are suspected
33
Q

Which region must be damaged which affects immitation ?

A
  • Frontal lobe
    -> inability to voluntary reproduce
    observed actions
  • Tendency to involuntary imitate
    observed actions
34
Q

What is the correlation between automatic and voluntary immitation ?

A
  • If the one increases the other decreases
35
Q

What is the broken mirrior hypothesis ?

A
  • Autism can not feel empathy if mirror neurons are broken which means we can not imitate
  • explains why autistic people can not copy behavior
36
Q

What are mirror neurons good for ?

A
  • empathy imitation
37
Q

Are not mirror neurons specific ?

A

Yes

  • some are for grasping holding tearing
  • allows fast reaction

Memory (9 decks)

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