Tut 7 Flashcards
What is the defintion of a skill ?
Ability which can improve over time
What is the defintion of a perceptual motor skill ?
Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs.
- Physical / u can see them
What is the defintion of a cognitive skill ?
- A skill that requires problem solving or the use of strategies.
- not really physical !
What is the different between skill memories or event/fact memory ?
- Skill:
- Can not allways be verbalized
- needs several repetiotions
- implicit or nondeclaritive (gained without awarness) - Event : visa versa
What is closed skill ?
- A skill which has some predefined movements that idealy never vary
- Same enviormental factor
- Piano
What is open skill ?
- A skill which can deal with changes in the enviornment /varying movement but
- > football not allways the same
Which skill (cognitive or perceptual motor) is learned first ?
- Perceptual-motor skills provide foundation for learning cognitive skills
- but both are needed to improve
What the effect of knowledge of results regarding thorndike ?
- Feedback about performance of a skill is critical to the effectiveness of practice.
What is the function of repetition regarding the devlopment of a skill ?
- repetition is key but it does not gurantee improvement
- Power of law practice ( first u learn fast and after a while just repetition alone will not bring u any further
What kind of feedback will maximize ur development ?
- infrequent feedback
What is massed practice ?
A lot of practice in a short time of one skill
- > good for short term performance
What is spaced practice ?
Practice of a skill that is spread out over several sessions
-> better long term perormance
What is constant practice ?
- repeated practicing the same skill under same conditions
Whta is variable practice ?
Practice involving the performance of skills in a wide variety of contexts
What is the definition of a talent person ?
A person’s which has an genetic advantage to perform a skill better than most.
What is the pursuit task and what were it findings ?
- individuals to keep the end of a pointed stick above a fixed point on a rotating disk
- identical twins showed same progress and fraternal became dissimilar
Why does practice in skill by indentical twin leads to more sychrony
- more practice means more expression of genes
- > identical twins share the same genes
Why do people with amnesia still improve in skills ?
- because skill learning is seperated from event memory
- it is an implicit memory/learning which u can not report on (not aware)
What does the fitts three stage model explain ?
- devlopment of a skill via
1. cognitive stage
2. Associative stage
3. Autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage?
- First stage
- Encode the skill based on observation / instrunction and error
- Based on rules
- needs much effort and fast learning occurs
What is the Associative stage ?
- Second stage
- learners begin using stereotyped actions
- less rules
- slow learning /less active then first stage
What is the autonomous stage ?
- third stage
- skill is autnomous
- not possible to verbalize ur skill in specific
- be able to do multiple thinks tat the same time
What is transfer specificity ?
Skills can be transfered to other skills/sitautions
What is the identical elements theory ?
skill is more liky to be transfered if number of elements in the new situation are identical to those in the situation in which the skills were encoded
What is the ‘‘learning set formation’’ ?
-> the ability to learn new tasks fast based on experiences with similar tasks-> due to generalization
How do we lose skill memory?
- if we do not use it
- > identical to the learning curve
- due to injury
- interference effect
What is the interference effect?
- new memories interfere with the recollection of old memories
- Finger tapping task
Which major regions are neccesary for skill learning ?
- Basel ganglia
- cortex
- cerebellum
What is the function of the basel ganglia regarding skill learning ?
- linking sensory events (cues) to responses
What is the input and output pathway of the basel ganglia ?
- input: Cortical neurons (cortex)-> dorsal striatum -> which tells the ganglia what is happening in the world
- output: Thalamus or brainstem -> preparing/maintaing movement
What happens when basel ganglia is damaged ? Which tests supported the findings?
- Can not learn under changing conditions (enviormental cues)
- morris water maze: obvious location of a save zone gets put into a tank full of water -> save zone gets switched
What is the T shaped maze task and what were there findings regarding neuronal activity ?
- Based on a tone rat must decide which trail it goes
- learning: Neuorn fire at
1. the beginning
2. when instrunctional sound sounds
3. on truning point
4. Food Retrieval - Not leanring: Only on turning point
What is the final findings regarding the basel ganglia and the t- task ?
- activity in the beginning and end states that basel ganglia devlops a motor plan trough put learning
What is happening to the cortex through out learning ? + major function
- increase of grey matter
- critical for controlling complex actions
What is musician dystonia ?
to much expansion in brain areas lead to problems
- loss of motor control
What are two steps of the learning curve?
- fast learning
- processes which follow a selcted plan - Slow learning
- : long-term structural/biological changes of basic motor control in the cortex
What is the key role of the cerebellum ?
- predict important events
- is good for precise timing / aiming / tracking
- allows to copy motor skill via observation
How does huntigton syndrom work ?
- neuron damaged in basel ganglia / cortex
- body parts shaking
- can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow
- increase in dopamine
- ONLY TASK WHICH WORKED WAS TOWER OF HANOI
How does parkinson diesease work ?
- neurons are damged at the basel ganglia
- can learn cognitive or perceptual skill but realy slow
- to little dopamine-> less movement
- > Can do mirror reading
Summarize ‘‘The visual skill task ‘’ ?
- u learn each visual field sepertaly -> because no transfering !
- SOA shorter each trial
- 15 days to fully learn
- V1 sensitive to where things are
Describe the graph of visual task ?
- Each trail is fast learning
- The total amout is slow learning
- Between each trial is latent consolidation
- Laiter transfered in another graph were vertical means fast learning
- horizontal -> asymptotic face
What is the fast learning process ?
- very quick improvement after
the first number of trials
What is the slow leanring process ?
- After the 8 hours of training
- LTP can occur
- more dendritic connections
