Tut 2 Flashcards
What is episodic memory ?
- Memory for a personal specific event in life
- must have experienced the event personally
- Spatial and temporal context is remembered
- refereed to what we remember
- part of Declarative memory
What is semantic memory ?
- Memory for facts & general knowledge of the world/objects -> memory is shared with many others
- Not tagged in space and time
- refereed to what we know
- Hierarchical model = If more abstract u need more time think and to retrieved
- part of Declarative memory
What is declarative memory ?
- Part of long term memory
- Deals with ‘‘what’’ we remember
- can be verbalised
- It is an Explicit memory
What is non declarative memory ?
- Part of long term memory
- Deals with how to do certain thinks
- not verbalise
- it is an implicit memory
- Mostly there for motor skills or classical and operant conditioning
What is explicit memory ?
- person is aware -> bulid memory when he is focusing
What is implicit memory ?
- memory occurs without the learner’s awareness
What are the 4 rules for remembering ?
- Repetition of verbal/visual information is not enough
- Easier to remembered if connected to prior knowledge
- Lvl of processing effect-> The more deeper you process new information the more likely u remember them
- More cues mean better recall
What is the tip of the tongue effect ?
- information is not permanently lost only temporarily inaccessible
What is the Transfer-appropriate processing effect ?
- retrieval is best when cues available at recall are similar to those available at encoding (first learned)
What are the 3 different types of representing cues ?
- Free recall -> open ended question ( No cues)
- Cued recall (give clue to correct answer)
- Recognition (multiple choice)
What is the Desirable difficulties phenomenon ?
- difficult learning conditions (ones that challenge your ability to recall) promote better long-term memory
- Presented in test
What is passive forgetting ?
- Old memories (especially those that hadn’t been accessed in a while) unaware fade away
What I directed forgetting ?
- information is forgotten by trying to suppress memory
What is so special about interference/overlaping content regarding LTM ?
Also name the two types of interference ?
When content overlap it either strength or weaken it
- Proactive interference
- Disruption of new learning by previously stored memory - Retractive interference
- Disruption of old (previously stored) information by new learning
What is false memory and name the two characteristics ?
- Memory of an event that never actually happened
- The more detailed a memory is the believable it is
- Memory decrease over time because we lose synapses
Where is the highest activity in the brain regarding semantic memory ?
- Primarly on cortical areas of medial temporal lobe
- Sensory/cerebral cortex
What is the Association cortex ?
Associates/link input
- Link word with visual image for example
What shows the highest activity regarding episodic / event memory ?
- Hippocampus / Para hippocampal cortex
What happens when the Hippocampus is damaged ?
- When damaged still be able to form new semantic memories if MTL is still intact
- Due to plastcity -> MTL tries to act like hippocampus
What is anterograde amnesia ?
- loss of memories that occurred after the injury
What is retrograde amnesia ?
- loss of memories for events that occurred before the injury
- Ribot gradient law: loss is worse for events that occurred shortly before the injury than for events that happened in the distant past
What is memory consolidation and name the two consolidation ?
- is a category of processes that stabilize a memory
1. Systems consolidation
2. Synaptic consolidation
What is Systems consolidation ?
- reorganization process
- memories from the hippocampal region are moved to the Neo cortex where it can be stored more permently
- slow dynamic process
What is Synaptic consolidation ?
- Fast synaptic processing
- only takes minuets our hours to store memory
What is the standard consolidation theory ?
- Hippocampus and Neo cortex are needed for storage and retrieval of the memory
- > But after the initial training phase (learning and retrieval, Hippocampus serves as a tutor) Neo cortex takes over
- Synapses on Hip change quickly and on Neo it does not
- gradient amnesia only the once close to an injury are gone because the older once had a chance to be saved in the Neo cortex
What is the multiple trace theory ?
- semantic and episodic memory are separated
- Memory storage always relies on hippocampus and cortex because hippocampus provides always spatial knowledge
- Each time a memory is retrieved the memory must be reconsolidate
- flat retrograde amnesia all memory before the injury are gone
What are the 3 differences of the standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory ?
- Distinction between semantic and episodic memory -> Trace
- standard states that there are connected (LOOK at graph) - The flat retrograde amnesia only in trace theory (referred to graph)
- gradient amnesia in standard because of bad definition of episodic memory - Hippocampus always involved in trace theory and in standard not
What is so special about Patient H.M
- > epilepsy
- > both temopral lobes were taken away
- > no explixtit momory but implicit memory
- > prrofen by mirror task
What is the Korsakoff Syndrome ?
- person fails to remember thinks from the past
- lack of vitamin thiamine
- leads to damage in frontal cortex
- Deny that anything is wrong
What are the findings of the Fruit card experiment ?
- Showed that monkey have an episodic-like memory (not exactly event memory)
What is the Deese roediger MCDermott paradigm experiment and what conclusion did it draw regarding false memory ?
A list of words is shown which are all correlated to a single word which is not on the list
- > But we still believe that word is on the list (False memory)
- > Can be seen if the Parahippocampal area is not active when we name the word which is not on the list but we believe it is !
When do we save memory ?
- During sleep
- Because Cortical cooperativity reactivates during sleep
What is consolidation period ?
- A period where memory is easy to be affacted bey interference
Which memory come first semmantic or episodic memory ?
- First episodic !
What is the orgnization effect ?
- Sometimes the correct order supports better memory
- > first picture then reading
