Tut 1 Flashcards
How does the Aktinson shriffin model work ?
Step 1: Incoming information into sensory memory
Step 1.2 (via attention)
Step 2: Sensory memory translated into short term memory. (via attention)
2.2 rehersal
Step 3: Throughout control process Short term memory will lead to LTM
What is meant by Transient memory ?
- Non permanent memory
- Part of sensory and short term memory
What are the control processes in the Aktinson shriffin model ?
- Rehersal
- Coding
- Decision
- Retrieval strategies
Define Sensory memory:
- Information gained via sensation
- Works automatically and decays rapidly (less than a second)
- is limited on focus so no exact copy
Define short term memory:
- unconsciously/effotless available
- limited capacity 7 +/- 2
- limited to only what u pay attention to
- easy phase in which we forget thinks
Define encoding:
- information translated in a way that we can mentally process
Define retrieval:
- To activated stored information which influence mental events and behaviors
Why do we forget thinks ?
- Because of either Decaying or interfering or combination of both
What is the primacy effect ?
- U remember thinks better at the beginning of a list
- Due to the fact that u immediately start rehearsal and so u have a longer training phase
What is the recency effect ?
- Last words of the list are easier to remember
- Due to reflection -> so the last word are more present
What is working memory ?
- It is a form of short term memory which maintained information from short term and manipulated it !
- Use of working memory is very goal directed
- uses either information which are just experienced or retrieved form LTM
- working memory is correlated to intelligence
How is working memory build of according to the Baddeleys working model ?
- Central executive -> manipulation
- Phonoligical loop and Visual sketchpad-> for maintenance
- Model was done because of dissociation
What is Phonological loop used for ?
- Holds auditory memories through internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal
- easy to disrupted besides by motor movements, so rehersal and motor mvemnt is fine
- limit in capacity
What is the “ word length effect” ?
Person remembers rather short words instead of long words
What is Visuospatial sketchpad used for ?
- Holds visual & spatial images
- Limited capacity
- For objects and location
What is central executive used for ?
- Cognitve control (bewachen) over the buffers
- Manipulation
How does cognitive control regarding central executive work ?
- Controlled Updating of STM Buffers
- Setting Goals & Planning
- Task Switching
- Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition
How is Controlled Updating of STM Buffers working ? And how do we test it ?
- Receiving & evaluating sensory information
- Moving items into & retrieving them from LTM
- Decides which memories are needed for which task
- Tested by N-Back test
- if target number comes of name the number that’s n-back
How is Setting Goals & Plannings working ? And how is tested ?
Keeping track of goals, planning how to achieve them, determining priorities
- Tower of Hanoi
How is Task Switching working ? And how is tested ?
- Pay attention to task and surroundings cues -> be able to change rules
- Wisconsin card sorting test
How is Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition working? And how is tested ?
- Automatic processes – using same schemas/ actions or impulses to a known situation
- Controlled/willed processes - modifies behaviour when automatic responses are inappropriate
- Stroop task (word of color and meaning of color)
Why is the prefrontal cortex so important regarding working memory ?
- interaction bridge regarding the rest of the brain
- Works during delay phase (highly activ for representation)
- Place for working memory
What is so special about the Frontal lobe regarding working memory ?
- Goal directed behavior depend on posterior part of the frontal lobe
- less concrete and sub goal are more on the anterior part of the frontal lobe
Name the 3 division of the prefrontal cortex and the 2 sub division
- Lateral (dorsolateral and Ventrolateral)
- Orbital
- Medial.
- > Prefrontal cortex
What is the function of DLPFC ?
- Shows high activity during delay phase
- Rembering Information
- Protection against distraction
- Retrieval from LTM
- > Also the area is referred to central executive
Right DLPFC -> monitoring process
Left DLPFC -> specialised for verbal material - Contain Delay neurons
What is so special about delay neurons ?
- They are individual tuned
What is the function of VLPFC ?
- is referred to Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad
- Mainly activated by rehearsal
- > left VLPFC (auditory)
- Anterior part of VLPFC – > semantic processing (inhalt eines wortes)
- Posterior part of VLPFC– > phonological processing (structure)
- > right VLPFC -> Visual
What are the major causes of Brian damage and how is brain damage identified ?
- Tumors surgery strokes
- Identified by preservation
What is preservation ?
A failure to learn a new response and instead they stick to the old pattern
What is the Dysexecutive syndrome ?
- disrupted ability to think, plan & organise due to damage to frontal lobes
What would happen regarding the test method if u have brain damage ?
- By the tower of Hanoi -> Difficult plaing ahead
- Not able to inhibit for stook task
- Wisconsin card just stick to the old rule
- n back task would probabely not gues the correct n number
Name facts about Schizophrenia
- DLPFC dysfunctional while VLPFC relatively stable
- Better function of VLPFC to compensate for dysfunctional DLPFC
- Blood flow – no increase in blood flow during Wisconsin card = Schizophrenia
- To much dopamine
Name facts about Attention Deficit (ADHD)
Difficulties in: planning, organizing and keeping focus
- Dysfunction in PFC including cerebellum & basal ganglia)
- “Noisy” basal ganglia sometimes send inappropriate signals
Name the 3 ways of forgetting:
- experienced but not encoded
- encoded but not stored
- encoded and stored, but cannot be retrieved
Where is our memory stored ?
- Question for Engram
- Entire brain but in particular Hippocampus
What was figured out with the Delayed-response eye-gaze task/mapping and what was at first the struggle with test ?
- High activity in DLPFC -> tetsed via single unit recording
- > Short term memory was used
- Activity could have been activated due to motor activity because of pointing to the food which was later tested via looking which showed same conclusions (Miller fixed the problem)
In general what is the left hemisphere good for ?
- speech sound
In general what is the right hemisphere good for ?
- location vision
what is strutual encoding ?
- translating
visual information into physical
structure
What is phoenomic encoding ?
– translating visual
information into sound
What is semmantic encoding ?
- translating visual
information into meaning
What are the evidence for baddleys model ?
- Alzheimer and lesion if Dorsalaterl is damged than ventrolateral is still intact
