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Memory > Tut 1 > Flashcards

Tut 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the Aktinson shriffin model work ?

A

Step 1: Incoming information into sensory memory
Step 1.2 (via attention)
Step 2: Sensory memory translated into short term memory. (via attention)
2.2 rehersal
Step 3: Throughout control process Short term memory will lead to LTM

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2
Q

What is meant by Transient memory ?

A
  • Non permanent memory

- Part of sensory and short term memory

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3
Q

What are the control processes in the Aktinson shriffin model ?

A
  1. Rehersal
  2. Coding
  3. Decision
  4. Retrieval strategies
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4
Q

Define Sensory memory:

A
  • Information gained via sensation
  • Works automatically and decays rapidly (less than a second)
  • is limited on focus so no exact copy
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5
Q

Define short term memory:

A
  • unconsciously/effotless available
  • limited capacity 7 +/- 2
  • limited to only what u pay attention to
  • easy phase in which we forget thinks
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6
Q

Define encoding:

A
  • information translated in a way that we can mentally process
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7
Q

Define retrieval:

A
  • To activated stored information which influence mental events and behaviors
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8
Q

Why do we forget thinks ?

A
  • Because of either Decaying or interfering or combination of both
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9
Q

What is the primacy effect ?

A
  • U remember thinks better at the beginning of a list

- Due to the fact that u immediately start rehearsal and so u have a longer training phase

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10
Q

What is the recency effect ?

A
  • Last words of the list are easier to remember

- Due to reflection -> so the last word are more present

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11
Q

What is working memory ?

A
  • It is a form of short term memory which maintained information from short term and manipulated it !
  • Use of working memory is very goal directed
  • uses either information which are just experienced or retrieved form LTM
  • working memory is correlated to intelligence
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12
Q

How is working memory build of according to the Baddeleys working model ?

A
  1. Central executive -> manipulation
  2. Phonoligical loop and Visual sketchpad-> for maintenance
    - Model was done because of dissociation
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13
Q

What is Phonological loop used for ?

A
  • Holds auditory memories through internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal
  • easy to disrupted besides by motor movements, so rehersal and motor mvemnt is fine
  • limit in capacity
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14
Q

What is the “ word length effect” ?

A

Person remembers rather short words instead of long words

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15
Q

What is Visuospatial sketchpad used for ?

A
  • Holds visual & spatial images
  • Limited capacity
  • For objects and location
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16
Q

What is central executive used for ?

A
  • Cognitve control (bewachen) over the buffers

- Manipulation

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17
Q

How does cognitive control regarding central executive work ?

A
  • Controlled Updating of STM Buffers
  • Setting Goals & Planning
  • Task Switching
  • Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition
18
Q

How is Controlled Updating of STM Buffers working ? And how do we test it ?

A
  • Receiving & evaluating sensory information
  • Moving items into & retrieving them from LTM
  • Decides which memories are needed for which task
  • Tested by N-Back test
  • if target number comes of name the number that’s n-back
19
Q

How is Setting Goals & Plannings working ? And how is tested ?

A

Keeping track of goals, planning how to achieve them, determining priorities
- Tower of Hanoi

20
Q

How is Task Switching working ? And how is tested ?

A
  • Pay attention to task and surroundings cues -> be able to change rules
  • Wisconsin card sorting test
21
Q

How is Stimulus Attention & Response Inhibition working? And how is tested ?

A
  1. Automatic processes – using same schemas/ actions or impulses to a known situation
  2. Controlled/willed processes - modifies behaviour when automatic responses are inappropriate
    - Stroop task (word of color and meaning of color)
22
Q

Why is the prefrontal cortex so important regarding working memory ?

A
  • interaction bridge regarding the rest of the brain
  • Works during delay phase (highly activ for representation)
  • Place for working memory
23
Q

What is so special about the Frontal lobe regarding working memory ?

A
  • Goal directed behavior depend on posterior part of the frontal lobe
  • less concrete and sub goal are more on the anterior part of the frontal lobe
24
Q

Name the 3 division of the prefrontal cortex and the 2 sub division

A
  1. Lateral (dorsolateral and Ventrolateral)
  2. Orbital
  3. Medial.
    - > Prefrontal cortex
25
Q

What is the function of DLPFC ?

A
  • Shows high activity during delay phase
  • Rembering Information
  • Protection against distraction
  • Retrieval from LTM
  • > Also the area is referred to central executive
    Right DLPFC -> monitoring process
    Left DLPFC -> specialised for verbal material
  • Contain Delay neurons
26
Q

What is so special about delay neurons ?

A
  • They are individual tuned
27
Q

What is the function of VLPFC ?

A
  • is referred to Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Mainly activated by rehearsal
  • > left VLPFC (auditory)
  • Anterior part of VLPFC – > semantic processing (inhalt eines wortes)
  • Posterior part of VLPFC– > phonological processing (structure)
  • > right VLPFC -> Visual
28
Q

What are the major causes of Brian damage and how is brain damage identified ?

A
  • Tumors surgery strokes

- Identified by preservation

29
Q

What is preservation ?

A

A failure to learn a new response and instead they stick to the old pattern

30
Q

What is the Dysexecutive syndrome ?

A
  • disrupted ability to think, plan & organise due to damage to frontal lobes
31
Q

What would happen regarding the test method if u have brain damage ?

A
  • By the tower of Hanoi -> Difficult plaing ahead
  • Not able to inhibit for stook task
  • Wisconsin card just stick to the old rule
  • n back task would probabely not gues the correct n number
32
Q

Name facts about Schizophrenia

A
  • DLPFC dysfunctional while VLPFC relatively stable
  • Better function of VLPFC to compensate for dysfunctional DLPFC
  • Blood flow – no increase in blood flow during Wisconsin card = Schizophrenia
  • To much dopamine
33
Q

Name facts about Attention Deficit (ADHD)

A

Difficulties in: planning, organizing and keeping focus

  • Dysfunction in PFC including cerebellum & basal ganglia)
  • “Noisy” basal ganglia sometimes send inappropriate signals
34
Q

Name the 3 ways of forgetting:

A
  1. experienced but not encoded
  2. encoded but not stored
  3. encoded and stored, but cannot be retrieved
35
Q

Where is our memory stored ?

A
  • Question for Engram

- Entire brain but in particular Hippocampus

36
Q

What was figured out with the Delayed-response eye-gaze task/mapping and what was at first the struggle with test ?

A
  • High activity in DLPFC -> tetsed via single unit recording
  • > Short term memory was used
  • Activity could have been activated due to motor activity because of pointing to the food which was later tested via looking which showed same conclusions (Miller fixed the problem)
37
Q

In general what is the left hemisphere good for ?

A
  • speech sound
38
Q

In general what is the right hemisphere good for ?

A
  • location vision
39
Q

what is strutual encoding ?

A
  • translating
    visual information into physical
    structure
40
Q

What is phoenomic encoding ?

A

– translating visual

information into sound

41
Q

What is semmantic encoding ?

A
  • translating visual

information into meaning

42
Q

What are the evidence for baddleys model ?

A
  • Alzheimer and lesion if Dorsalaterl is damged than ventrolateral is still intact

Memory (9 decks)

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