TuT 6 Done + timeline Flashcards
What are phonemes and also phoneme?
- phonemes are elematry sound unit of a word
- phoneme smallest unit of sound like just a letter
What are Morphemes ?
Elemental parts of a word
Example: Dogs
1. Part Dogs (the word) 2. (s) Plural
What is Synatx?
- sentence structure. Rules in laguage that specify how words can be made/combined into a sentence. Two types of Syntax 1. Surface structure (s- sturcture) 2. Deep structure (d structure)
What is Generativity ?
The idea that trough the use of finite set of words and morephemes we can create a infinite amunt of meaning !
Define Semantic development:
learning on how to express meaning (in language)
Define: Syntactic development
Learning or adapt rules for how to combine words
Define Pragmatic development:
Learn how to proaperly learn language regarding tone and structure.
Ex: Formulating questions
Define Metalinguistic knowledge:
Undertsand the deeper or higher meaning of language (sarcasim)
How does nature and natur play a role in devloping of language:
- The human brain connected to language (nature)
2. Social contact or enviorment connected to language (nurture)
Which hemisphere is the dominat one regarding speach ?
- Left hemisphere (but its is not all or none finding it can be changed do to experience)
What is the behavorist Approach, and who supports it ?
- Language development is due to reinforcment and punishment
- Skinner supports that theory
- Passive role of the child
What is the Nativist approach regarding grammer ? (Aslo name evidence)
- Language is something we are born with
- universal grammer every language has identical parts
- Chomsky Language aquisition device
- Active rule of the child
- monkey devlops language but no grammer
- Limitation: Ignores other pragamtic or cognitive skills
What is the the critical period for language ?
during the first 5 years language can devlop rapidly but between the age of 5 and puberty the skill decreases.
How do people talk to newborns ?
- Having a higehr pitch
- using rhytm
(Also called infant directed speech)
Name the speech production stages regarding babbling:
- Reflexive vocalizations 0 to 2 months
- Cooing and laughing 2 to 4 months
- Babbling and vocal play (4 to 6 months)
- Canonical babbling 6 to 10 months
- Modulated babbling 10 months onwords
Define 1.Reflexive vocalizations:
- First sound is due to reflexive vocalizations.
Such as cries caughs sneeze and burps. - Infants have different types of crying with diff meaning
- 0 to 2 months
Define 2. Cooing and laughing:
- infants often due the vowel-like sounds such as “aah” or “oooh
- Stage is associated with happy infant as laughing and giggling begin and crying is reduced
- learn to be reciprocal (talking takes turns)
- 2 to 4 months
Define 3. Babbling and vocal play:
Infants gain control over vocal cords, lips, tongue and mouth, and produce wide range of sounds and combinations, called babbling.
- 4 to 6 months
Define 4. Canonical babbling:
They produce sound combinations (words) but we do not know if there are meaning behind them.
- 6 to 10 months
- Reduplicated babble often used: repeated syllables (mamama)
Define 5. Modulated babbling
- Infants use intonation and stress patterns in their babbling
- goal: try to, imitating adult-like speech.
- 10 months onwords:
Development of Articulation
- Childreen prefer using word which they can pronounce correctly which means u should correct them if they are wrong
- They use phonological distinctions to figure things out by themself
What is phonological distinctions ?
Saying same word slightyl different to identify the corret pronouncing.
Define s structure regarding syntax:
- Sentence or word can have more then one meaning beacaue it is not turly clarified
Define d structure regading syntax:
Just one meaning
- It is able to adapt to s structure to make it a d structure
- Ex: Puppy just by it self can mean a lot but puppy over there is more sepcific which leads to a d structure
As children learn syntax they produce errors:
- Overregularization errors
- Creative overgeneralizations
Define Overregularization errors:
Occur when children apply a rule to an exception to the rule
- Mostly done by using plurals (s) or past tense (ed)
Define Creative overgeneralizations:
They basically create new forms of words based on regularities in language they hear.
Define Bootstrapping:
Using existing knowledge to gain novel abilities
How do u measure an infant ?
Using EEG and try to evaluate ERP (event realted potential)
- looking times
- head turning
- direct testing do to pictures exposure connecteing to asking questions
Name syntax devleopment regarding “one word period”:
Between 10 to 18 months
- First words include people base term such as (Hungry/toilet)
- childreen mumbeling words
- Children can understand more than they can produce
Name syntax devleopment regarding “two word period”:
- Between 18 and 24 months
- Mummy go, kick ball
- They use words combination which are mentioned in their environment
What happens during later Syntatic devleopment:
Between 24 and 36 months
- language knowledge increases rapidly they can use past forms and language exceptions
What is speech segmentation ?
segmentation cues
- Definition: Identifing the boundaris between words
- Prosody (Melodie)
- Childreen rather prefer strong weak words. (Apple)
- Statistical learning Transitional probability ( some phonemes do not go along)
Define Pragmatic:
Rules for using language effectivley for social contact.
What is the variabilitty problem ?
- Within and between speakers they pronounce words differently which makes it tuff to understands or to learn.
Define Fast mapping:
- it is a word learning strategy which a kid uses reference to a certain object object.
Define Phonological development:
first step is learning the sound system of a language
