TuT 6 Done + timeline

Question 1

What are phonemes and also phoneme?

Answer 1

• phonemes are elematry sound unit of a word

- phoneme smallest unit of sound like just a letter

Question 2

What are Morphemes ?

Answer 2

Elemental parts of a word
Example: Dogs
1. Part Dogs (the word) 2. (s) Plural

Question 3

What is Synatx?

Answer 3

- sentence structure.
Rules in laguage that specify how words can be made/combined into a sentence.
 Two types of Syntax 
1. Surface structure (s- sturcture)
2. Deep structure (d structure)

Question 4

What is Generativity ?

Answer 4

The idea that trough the use of finite set of words and morephemes we can create a infinite amunt of meaning !

Question 5

Define Semantic development:

Answer 5

learning on how to express meaning (in language)

Question 6

Define: Syntactic development

Answer 6

Learning or adapt rules for how to combine words

Question 7

Define Pragmatic development:

Answer 7

Learn how to proaperly learn language regarding tone and structure.
Ex: Formulating questions

Question 8

Define Metalinguistic knowledge:

Answer 8

Undertsand the deeper or higher meaning of language (sarcasim)

Question 9

How does nature and natur play a role in devloping of language:

Answer 9

1. The human brain connected to language (nature)

2. Social contact or enviorment connected to language (nurture)

Question 10

Which hemisphere is the dominat one regarding speach ?

Answer 10

• Left hemisphere (but its is not all or none finding it can be changed do to experience)

Question 11

What is the behavorist Approach, and who supports it ?

Answer 11

• Language development is due to reinforcment and punishment
• Skinner supports that theory
• Passive role of the child

Question 12

What is the Nativist approach regarding grammer ? (Aslo name evidence)

Answer 12

• Language is something we are born with
• universal grammer every language has identical parts
• Chomsky Language aquisition device
• Active rule of the child
• monkey devlops language but no grammer
• Limitation: Ignores other pragamtic or cognitive skills

Question 13

What is the the critical period for language ?

Answer 13

during the first 5 years language can devlop rapidly but between the age of 5 and puberty the skill decreases.

Question 14

How do people talk to newborns ?

Answer 14

• Having a higehr pitch
• using rhytm
  (Also called infant directed speech)

Question 15

Name the speech production stages regarding babbling:

Answer 15

• Reflexive vocalizations 0 to 2 months
• Cooing and laughing 2 to 4 months
• Babbling and vocal play (4 to 6 months)
• Canonical babbling 6 to 10 months
• Modulated babbling 10 months onwords

Question 16

Define 1.Reflexive vocalizations:

Answer 16

• First sound is due to reflexive vocalizations.
  Such as cries caughs sneeze and burps.
• Infants have different types of crying with diff meaning
• 0 to 2 months

Question 17

Define 2. Cooing and laughing:

Answer 17

• infants often due the vowel-like sounds such as “aah” or “oooh
• Stage is associated with happy infant as laughing and giggling begin and crying is reduced
• learn to be reciprocal (talking takes turns)
• 2 to 4 months

Question 18

Define 3. Babbling and vocal play:

Answer 18

Infants gain control over vocal cords, lips, tongue and mouth, and produce wide range of sounds and combinations, called babbling.
- 4 to 6 months

Question 19

Define 4. Canonical babbling:

Answer 19

They produce sound combinations (words) but we do not know if there are meaning behind them.

• 6 to 10 months
• Reduplicated babble often used: repeated syllables (mamama)

Question 20

Define 5. Modulated babbling

Answer 20

• Infants use intonation and stress patterns in their babbling
• goal: try to, imitating adult-like speech.
• 10 months onwords:

Question 21

Development of Articulation

Answer 21

• Childreen prefer using word which they can pronounce correctly which means u should correct them if they are wrong
• They use phonological distinctions to figure things out by themself

Question 22

What is phonological distinctions ?

Answer 22

Saying same word slightyl different to identify the corret pronouncing.

Question 23

Define s structure regarding syntax:

Answer 23

• Sentence or word can have more then one meaning beacaue it is not turly clarified

Question 24

Define d structure regading syntax:

Answer 24

Just one meaning

• It is able to adapt to s structure to make it a d structure
• Ex: Puppy just by it self can mean a lot but puppy over there is more sepcific which leads to a d structure

Question 25

As children learn syntax they produce errors:

Answer 25

• Overregularization errors

- Creative overgeneralizations

Question 26

Define Overregularization errors:

Answer 26

Occur when children apply a rule to an exception to the rule

- Mostly done by using plurals (s) or past tense (ed)

Question 27

Define Creative overgeneralizations:

Answer 27

They basically create new forms of words based on regularities in language they hear.

Question 28

Define Bootstrapping:

Answer 28

Using existing knowledge to gain novel abilities

Question 29

How do u measure an infant ?

Answer 29

Using EEG and try to evaluate ERP (event realted potential)

• looking times
• head turning
• direct testing do to pictures exposure connecteing to asking questions

Question 30

Name syntax devleopment regarding “one word period”:

Answer 30

Between 10 to 18 months

• First words include people base term such as (Hungry/toilet)
• childreen mumbeling words
• Children can understand more than they can produce

Question 31

Name syntax devleopment regarding “two word period”:

Answer 31

• Between 18 and 24 months
• Mummy go, kick ball
• They use words combination which are mentioned in their environment

Question 32

What happens during later Syntatic devleopment:

Answer 32

Between 24 and 36 months

- language knowledge increases rapidly they can use past forms and language exceptions

Question 33

What is speech segmentation ?

Answer 33

segmentation cues

• Definition: Identifing the boundaris between words
• Prosody (Melodie)
• Childreen rather prefer strong weak words. (Apple)
• Statistical learning Transitional probability ( some phonemes do not go along)

Question 34

Define Pragmatic:

Answer 34

Rules for using language effectivley for social contact.

Question 35

What is the variabilitty problem ?

Answer 35

• Within and between speakers they pronounce words differently which makes it tuff to understands or to learn.

Question 36

Define Fast mapping:

Answer 36

• it is a word learning strategy which a kid uses reference to a certain object object.

Question 37

Define Phonological development:

Answer 37

first step is learning the sound system of a language