Tut 3 Done + timeline Flashcards
Name the 9 Steps of the development of the nervous system:
- Neurulation
2.Neurogenesis
3.Cell migration/aggregation - Differentiation
- Dendritic/axonal growth
- Synaptogenesis:
7 .Synaptic pruning
8.Synapse rearrangement
9.Myelination
Define 1. Neurulation:
Prenatal state/Embryonic period.
- Till the 8 week
- Neurol plate gets devloped trough out thicking event of cells
- Trough out folding of the neurol plate forms the neuron groove develops (20 days)
- Trough out closed folding the neurol tube is devloped
- Neurol tube is the beginning of CNS
- > First brain tissue
Define 2. Neurogenesis:
Prenatal state
Means: production of new cells
- adult neurogenesis: creation of cells in adulthood
- Cell dviding = mitosis plays a big role
- Developing from neurol tube=
1. Telecephalon Fore
2. Diencephalon Fore
3. Mesencephalon Mid
4. Metencephalon Hind
5. Mylencephalon Hind (24 days) - During 4 week primary vesicles
1. Prosencephalon
2. Mesencephalon
3. Rhombencephalon
Define 3.Cell migration/aggregation:
Prenatal state
- cell migration: The movement of cells from site of origin to final regions
- supported by glial cells and adhesion molecule/proetein (CAM)
Define 4. Differentiation:
- The Transformation of first (precursor) cells into distinctive types of neurons and ganglia cells
- Express leads to diffrentiation beacuse it builds proteins which makes neurons individual
- local environment also influences nerve cell differentiation
- Is depending on destination in the body
Define: Cell cell interactions (part of differentitation)
- one cell affects the differention of other neighbor cells
- To devlop the perfect neuron for the region !
- and also becuaes then it is easier to help or replace a cell if once is hurt
Define: cell-autonomous (part of differentiation)
is the cell processing which is directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells.
- opposite of cell interaction
Define: 5. Dendritic/axonl growth
- Postnatal stage
- Neurons form their axons and dendrites
- cones are growing of top of axon or dendrite
Define 6. Synaptogenesis:
- postanatl stage
- First connections trough out synaptic producion
Overproduction 50% - First sensory pathway develops then language then higher cognitive functions
- CAM chemicals guide the growth of synapse
What are CAM: Chemoattractons
chemicals which the synapse attracts
CAM chemorepellents
chemicals which not attracts the synapses
Define: Synaptic pruning (cell death) Why and what happens?
Loss of synapses
Why because of
1. compettition
2. elimination (to much growth) sculp break
3. Strengthening others synapses
- Release of calcium ions that cause the mitochondria inside the cell to release a protein called Dyablo which causes death
Define Synapse rearrangement: (What and why ):
- development of other Synapses
- why: to build a stronger relation in areas which are useful
- Developing new strong synpases by training ur brain trough out tasks (neurol activity)
Define 7. Myelination: (White matter)
Myelination has strong impact on behavior because it allows large networks of cells to communicate rapidly
- Jumps over mylein sheets
- Repeated wrapping of cytoplasm around Schwann on axon
What does Plasticity:
- If u train one part of yourn brain then it can dvelope more.
- not all brains have to be equal
Why do adolescents take differnt rsik in comparison to adults?
Adolescents take more risk decisions than adults even though they have the same basic reasoning and information processing skills
-Affective pathways (limbic system) develops ealry in adolsence (Sensation seeking)
Hot irrational
- Cognitive pathway (prefrontal coretx) late devlopemnt devlops later (self regulation)
Cold and rational
- Results; Due to diffrent devlopemntal stages the limbic system is stronger and conrols behavior
Methods for studying child development ?
- Interviews
- Naturalistic observation
- Structured observation
- MRI
- EEG
Name the strength and weaknesses of Interviews:
1.Structured interviews
- All participants are asked the same questions
2.Clinical interview
- Procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with answer the interviewee provides.
Pro: Quick and a lot informations beacuse parents report the questionar
Con: Answers can be biased, memorries are often inaccurate (parents) mum wants to put the child in a goof light
- Also researcher bias on questions and interpretation
What is an naturalistic observation ?
Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher.
Pro: Useful for describing behavior in everyday settings/ consequences in behavior
Con: Hard to know most influential aspects of situations (Cause and effect) and also the participants reactivity on observer is (bias)
- Little or no control of variables
What is an structured observation ?
Involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child’s behavior (u allready expect a particular behavior )
Pro: (More control) over certain conditions
Cons: Context is less natural (not real life)
What is a crosssectional design ?
- children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
- Same characteristic but different age
- Pro Quick and easy to administer
- Con: Uninformative about stability of individual differences over time
- confounding variables in social enviomrent changes personal behavior which can not be identfied as an exaption
What is an longitudinal design?
Method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over long time.
Pro: Indicates degree of stability of individual differences over long periods
Con: Difficult to keep all participants in study
time investment
- Also learning effects on tasks
What is an sequential design ?
Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches
- same issues on longitudinal
What is an correlational Design ?
- Just let things happen
Pro: do not manipulate behavior
Con: Can not determine cause and effect relationships
What is an experimental Design?
Pro: Can find out cause and effect relationshps
Con: May not reveal real life behavior
- Experiment setting
What does an functional MRi show ?
Extancion of structional MRI
- Activation paterns in the brain during different activities are sown (report oxygn developemnt)
what does an EEG record ?
Record electrical activity on the surface of the sculp and see changes over time. How does the electrical activity develop ?
What is an field experiment?
Form of correlational design but more specific filed setting
Pro: observerd in a natural setting also can find out cause and effect
Con: Less control (natural)
What is an quasi experiment ?
- Is done when the independent variable can not be designed to a group !
Pro: Takes advantage of natural seperation of childreen (kids have phones and do not)
Con: Other factors influence the study such as parent style or money
Single case study
- Just a study where no contol group is given
- single study of group or indvidual
Grey matter
Are cell bodies
- Decreases over time regarding volume
White matter
Are = meylinated axons
- serve as connections
- increases then decreases regarding volume
Name the change in network between infants and adults:
More mixed brain activity in infants
and more local/focal activity in network during adult.
Name the Prenatal stages:
Structural devlopment conception till birth - Neurolation - Neurogenisis - cell migration
Name the Postnatal stages:
After birth
- functional and cognitive devlopment
Everything besides neurolation
Name the germinal stage:
- zygote 0- 14 days
- From bulding to seperation in uterine wall
- cell divison
Name the embryonic stage :
- Embryo
- 2-8 weeks
Diffrentiation of organs and body system
is possible - Abnormalities 2-6 weeks most dangerous period
Name the Fetal period:
- week 8- birth
- Foetus
Name the danger of alcohol:
Glial cells are get detsroeyed so many neuros do not arive at there final destination
What is the limbic system devided in:
- Nucleus accumbens
risk taking reward seeking !! - Amygalda less efficient to hide (emotions)
- prefrontal cortex (control of behavior)
What is a Meta-analytic studie ?
- pools in research wich allready has been done (so lot of context)
But you have to be careful about mathematic computation and it is most likly that varaibales have been diffrently defined in preverious research
What does a Structural MRI do ?
Looks at the devlopment of white and grey matter on diffrent regions and are compared over subjects
Frontal lobe
motor cortex,
“higher order functions” such as planing
Temporal Lobe
language and auditry
Parietal lobe
spatial function ( where is the object )
Occipital lobe
vision
Development of the brain
From occipital towards frontal lobe
3 Stages in prenatal developemnt
1. Germinal Stage Zygote 2. Embryonic period Embryo (first 10 weeks) - first ten weeks 3. Fetal period Foetus - 11 to 28 weeks
Important dates in devlopmental stage:
- 24 week earliest myelination
- 12 hrs cell being divided
- 1 week 3 distinct layers ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
- 9 weeks all internal organs are present
