Tut 4 Done + timeline

Question 1

What is the information processing theory ?

Answer 1

• It explains a developmental change of attention, memory and problem skills in children.
• Refers to a computer

Question 2

How can we improve development according to the information processing theory?

Answer 2

• Hard ware cognitive structure and not influencial (Brain senses muscles)
• > limited capacities
• Soft ware is influenced by use of strategies and knowledge
• > Flexibilty

Question 3

Name the differnces piaget vs information processing theory:

Answer 3

• > It is an ongoing process instand of phases

- child is using more self monitoring stratgeis to continiously adapt to new goals/challenges.

Question 4

What is the overlappping waves theory ?

Answer 4

It proposes that, at any age, children use multiple strategies to overcome a certain obstacal in the most efficient way.
- Also it becomes better over age !

Question 5

Why do people fail to plan?

Answer 5

cause they have:

• the desire to solve problem immediately
• and they are overly optimistic about their abilities and think they can solve problems more effectively than their capabilities allow

Question 6

When does a child devlopes attention skills?

Answer 6

• Between 2 and 3 and half
• As well in that stage the frontal lobe devlops a lot
• And parent are able to help there kids to develop attention skills

Question 7

How can u see if a child has attetion skills ?

Answer 7

• kids usually more mature for preschoolers and have better social and cognitive ability.

Question 8

Name the three ways on how attention changes:

Answer 8

1. Sustained attention:
   - Ability to stain focus over longer peiod of time
   - gain by the age of 4
2. Selective and Adaptable: Attending to just those aspects of a situation that were relevant to their task goals.
   - gain by the age of 7 to 10
3. Development of attention strategies

Question 9

What are the sturggle with attention ?

Answer 9

1. Production deficiency (Fail to produce startgeies when they are helpful )
2. Control deficiency produce strategies and they fail to execute them effectively
3. Utilization deficiency children execute strategies, but their performance does not improve.
4. Children use strategies consistently and performance improves

Question 10

Define Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

Answer 10

• Disorder involving attention, impulsivity, and motor activity that results in academic and social problems
• Symptons are shown before age 7

Question 11

What is working memory (Short memory):

Answer 11

• Task dependent and it trys to give u the information which u need at that point via sensation and long term memory
• Involves actively attending to, gathering, maintaining, storing, and processing information.
• Limited in its capacity (= amount of information that it can store)

Question 12

What is long term memory?

Answer 12

-Information or Knowledge that people store over their lifetime
- Purning does not happen it is more recalling if u can not find an information
( not in all or none form)
- unlimited

Question 13

Define recognition regarding long term memory:

Answer 13

• Ability to identify a object which has been seen before in same or similar object
• developed between 4-5 age

Question 14

Define recall memory regarding long term memory:

Answer 14

• The ability to recall a certain picture/memory without seeing it
• strongly connected to language
• appears in first years 1- 4

Question 15

How do u train recall memory?

Answer 15

• repeating / rehersal (4-5 years)
• organize it in categories (6 to 7 years)
• elaboration

Question 16

Why is recalling memory so difficult?

Answer 16

Preschoolers have a difficulty to hold on to certain information and also to develop a strategy at the same time.

Question 17

Define elaboration:

Answer 17

• Creating relationship/shared meaning between two or more pieces of information that are not members of the same category.
  11- 12 years old skill is developed

Question 18

How do preschoolors remember Familiar events ?

Answer 18

• Preschoolers remember familiar events in scripts

Question 19

Definition of scripts:

Answer 19

• descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in particular situations
• It organizes and makes events predictable
• Starts at the age of 3

Question 20

How do parents reacall memory if they are securly attached parents ?

Answer 20

• Via elaboration style:

They ask questions, add information and volunteer their own recollections and evaluations of events.

Question 21

How do parents reacall memory if they are insecure attached parents?

Answer 21

• Via Repetitive style:

They ask same questions over and over again, so it provides little information
- insecure bonds with their preschoolers

Question 22

Define metacognition and name the devleopmental process:

Answer 22

• Children try to understand mental activities (= thinking about thought).
• Age 2 (Children use ‘want’ and ‘like’contrasting their own and another person’s preferences)
• Age 3 Children realize thinking takes place inside their heads and a person can think without seeing, talking or touching it
• Age 3-4 Children use ‘think’ and ‘know’ to refer to their own and others’ thoughts and beliefs
• Age 4 Children realize both beliefs and desires determine behavior
• aware of mental life

Question 23

What is sensory memory?

Answer 23

• It is the ability to gain impressions of sensory information. It received through the five senses of vison, hearing, smell, taste and touch
• Unlimited (all sensors work together)
• creates exact copies
• only for a small period

Question 24

Name startegies which support memory processing:

Answer 24

1. Encoding

2. Automatization

Question 25

What does encoding mean:

Answer 25

Do not pay attention to irrelevant thoughts

Question 26

What does automatization mean?

Answer 26

From control to automatic memory receiving

Question 27

Define cognitive Inhibition:

Answer 27

The ability to control distracting stimuli

- Internal: thoughts External: distraction

Question 28

Name the components of Problem solving:

Answer 28

• Representation
• Planning
• Strategy Choice
• Transferring Skills from or to other tasks !

Question 29

What kind of steps are involved in Planning ?

Answer 29

• Do not start right away see if there are better alternatives !
• Organizing task materials
• Remembering steps of plan
• see how well plan works
• Revising (überabreite if necessary)

Question 30

What is executive Function?

Answer 30

it is the ability to control and coordinate one’s own cognitive processes 1

Question 31

Where does Information processing increasses most ?

Answer 31

Capacity:
- Attention span (how long can i be focus
- Processings speed (how fast can i process informtaion)
- Memory span (how much can I keep in mind
Strategy use:
- How efficeint and how fast startegies work

Question 32

Define response inhibitoion or executive attention:

Answer 32

Ability to control beahvior to not rage for example.

Question 33

Name the different long term memory styles and define them:

Answer 33

• Declarative memory divided in
  1. Semantic (fact knowledge)
  2. Episodic memory
  (events)
• Procedural memory
  How to ride a bike
• Autbiographical memory (personal meaningful events developed by the age of 6