Tut 4 Done + timeline Flashcards
What is the information processing theory ?
- It explains a developmental change of attention, memory and problem skills in children.
- Refers to a computer
How can we improve development according to the information processing theory?
- Hard ware cognitive structure and not influencial (Brain senses muscles)
- > limited capacities
- Soft ware is influenced by use of strategies and knowledge
- > Flexibilty
Name the differnces piaget vs information processing theory:
- > It is an ongoing process instand of phases
- child is using more self monitoring stratgeis to continiously adapt to new goals/challenges.
What is the overlappping waves theory ?
It proposes that, at any age, children use multiple strategies to overcome a certain obstacal in the most efficient way.
- Also it becomes better over age !
Why do people fail to plan?
cause they have:
- the desire to solve problem immediately
- and they are overly optimistic about their abilities and think they can solve problems more effectively than their capabilities allow
When does a child devlopes attention skills?
- Between 2 and 3 and half
- As well in that stage the frontal lobe devlops a lot
- And parent are able to help there kids to develop attention skills
How can u see if a child has attetion skills ?
- kids usually more mature for preschoolers and have better social and cognitive ability.
Name the three ways on how attention changes:
- Sustained attention:
- Ability to stain focus over longer peiod of time
- gain by the age of 4 - Selective and Adaptable: Attending to just those aspects of a situation that were relevant to their task goals.
- gain by the age of 7 to 10 - Development of attention strategies
What are the sturggle with attention ?
- Production deficiency (Fail to produce startgeies when they are helpful )
- Control deficiency produce strategies and they fail to execute them effectively
- Utilization deficiency children execute strategies, but their performance does not improve.
- Children use strategies consistently and performance improves
Define Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
- Disorder involving attention, impulsivity, and motor activity that results in academic and social problems
- Symptons are shown before age 7
What is working memory (Short memory):
- Task dependent and it trys to give u the information which u need at that point via sensation and long term memory
- Involves actively attending to, gathering, maintaining, storing, and processing information.
- Limited in its capacity (= amount of information that it can store)
What is long term memory?
-Information or Knowledge that people store over their lifetime
- Purning does not happen it is more recalling if u can not find an information
( not in all or none form)
- unlimited
Define recognition regarding long term memory:
- Ability to identify a object which has been seen before in same or similar object
- developed between 4-5 age
Define recall memory regarding long term memory:
- The ability to recall a certain picture/memory without seeing it
- strongly connected to language
- appears in first years 1- 4
How do u train recall memory?
- repeating / rehersal (4-5 years)
- organize it in categories (6 to 7 years)
- elaboration
Why is recalling memory so difficult?
Preschoolers have a difficulty to hold on to certain information and also to develop a strategy at the same time.
Define elaboration:
- Creating relationship/shared meaning between two or more pieces of information that are not members of the same category.
11- 12 years old skill is developed
How do preschoolors remember Familiar events ?
- Preschoolers remember familiar events in scripts
Definition of scripts:
- descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in particular situations
- It organizes and makes events predictable
- Starts at the age of 3
How do parents reacall memory if they are securly attached parents ?
- Via elaboration style:
They ask questions, add information and volunteer their own recollections and evaluations of events.
How do parents reacall memory if they are insecure attached parents?
- Via Repetitive style:
They ask same questions over and over again, so it provides little information
- insecure bonds with their preschoolers
Define metacognition and name the devleopmental process:
- Children try to understand mental activities (= thinking about thought).
- Age 2 (Children use ‘want’ and ‘like’contrasting their own and another person’s preferences)
- Age 3 Children realize thinking takes place inside their heads and a person can think without seeing, talking or touching it
- Age 3-4 Children use ‘think’ and ‘know’ to refer to their own and others’ thoughts and beliefs
- Age 4 Children realize both beliefs and desires determine behavior
- aware of mental life
What is sensory memory?
- It is the ability to gain impressions of sensory information. It received through the five senses of vison, hearing, smell, taste and touch
- Unlimited (all sensors work together)
- creates exact copies
- only for a small period
Name startegies which support memory processing:
- Encoding
2. Automatization
What does encoding mean:
Do not pay attention to irrelevant thoughts
What does automatization mean?
From control to automatic memory receiving
Define cognitive Inhibition:
The ability to control distracting stimuli
- Internal: thoughts External: distraction
Name the components of Problem solving:
- Representation
- Planning
- Strategy Choice
- Transferring Skills from or to other tasks !
What kind of steps are involved in Planning ?
- Do not start right away see if there are better alternatives !
- Organizing task materials
- Remembering steps of plan
- see how well plan works
- Revising (überabreite if necessary)
What is executive Function?
it is the ability to control and coordinate one’s own cognitive processes 1
Where does Information processing increasses most ?
Capacity:
- Attention span (how long can i be focus
- Processings speed (how fast can i process informtaion)
- Memory span (how much can I keep in mind
Strategy use:
- How efficeint and how fast startegies work
Define response inhibitoion or executive attention:
Ability to control beahvior to not rage for example.
Name the different long term memory styles and define them:
- Declarative memory divided in
1. Semantic (fact knowledge)
2. Episodic memory
(events) - Procedural memory
How to ride a bike - Autbiographical memory (personal meaningful events developed by the age of 6
