Tut 1 Done + timeline

Question 1

Name the four perspective of development:

Answer 1

1. the Piagetian perspective
2. the information- processing perspective
3. the sociocultural perspective
4. the dynamic-systems perspective

Question 2

Definition of development:

Answer 2

Development are all physical and psychological changes that an individual undergoes in a lifetime.

Question 3

Name the 4 mayor themes of each perspective:

Answer 3

1. Is it nature (Biology) or nurture (environmental influence)
2. Child active or passive role
3. Continuous (linear) or discontinuous (Stage wise development)
4. (individual differences)

Question 4

What is constructivism ?

Answer 4

• it says that learning is an activ process (create their own subjective representations of reality)
• part of Piaget theory
  1. Piaget sees the child as an active (scientist)
  2. All kind of steps have to be completed to go trough the
  3. children learn by them-self
  4. children are intrinsically motivated to learn and do not need rewards

Question 5

Describe the Piaget perspective regarding schemas!

Answer 5

Because children develop cognitive abilities by continually adapting schemes !
1 . Assimilation
2. Accommodation
3. Equilibration

Question 6

What is assimilation (Schema) ?

Answer 6

• People translate incoming information into a
  form they can understand
• interpreting new ideas or experiences to
  existing schemes. (not
• Not every four leg animal is the same four leg animal

Question 7

What is accommodation ?(Schema)

Answer 7

• improve their current understanding in response to new experiences (improve schemas)
  Examples (not every four leg animal is the same animal)

Question 8

What is equilibration ? (Schema)

Answer 8

Stage 1: equilibrium (not see any discrepancies between their observations and their understanding of the phenomenon)
Stage 2: disequilibrium (recognize shortcomings in their understanding)
more sophisticated understanding that eliminates the shortcomings
Stage 3: more advanced equilibrium !

Question 9

Name the sources of discontinuity (piaget):

Answer 9

1. Qualitive change
2. Broad applicability
3. Brief transitions
4. Invariant sequence

Question 10

What is qualitive change ?

Answer 10

Children of different ages think in qualitatively different ways.

Question 11

What is broad applicability ?

Answer 11

• it is the type of thinking characteristic of each stage influences children’s thinking across diverse topics and contexts.

Question 12

What is brief transitions?

Answer 12

Entering a new stage has a short period where u can not decide which thinking technique u use.

Question 13

What is invariant sequence ?

Answer 13

Everyone progresses through the stages in the same order without skipping any of them

Question 14

Piaget 4 stage theory:

Answer 14

1. Sensorimotor stages birth to age 2
2. Preoperational stage: 2 to age 7
3. Concrete operational: 7 to 12 year old
4. Formal operational stage 12 to 18

Question 15

What happens in sensorimotor stage ? And name the uniquness ? (birth to age 2)

Answer 15

1. Object permeance: He is unable to tell that the object still exist if u don’t see them (when they are hidden)
   - 8 to 12 months
2. peek-a-boo fascination
   - Till 8 month
3. A-Not-B error (last founded not were it was last placed )
   - 8-12 months
4. Deferred imitation: that is, the repetition (wiedeholung) of other people’s behavior
   - 18-24 moths

Question 16

Name the substages of the sensorimotor stage: +1 und 3 mal plus 4 und dann 2 mal plus 6 monate

Answer 16

1. Reflexives Schemas (newborn reflexes) (till 1m)
2. Primary circular reactions (motor habits around own body ) (till 4m)
3. secondary circular reactions (interest in repeated sounds/actions which is due to reaction) (till 8m)
4. coordination of secondary circular reactions ( intentional and goal directed behavior ) (till 12 m)
5. Tertiary circular reaction (Explore properties of objects trough out thorwing or breaking) (till 18m)
6. Mental representations objects continue to exist even when they are unseen (till 24m)

Question 17

What happens in preoperational stage:

- 2 to age 7

Answer 17

1. Symbolic representation—the use of one object to stand for another
2. • Children are able to represent their experiences in language
3. memory and imagination (can tell the difference between past and future)
4. Animism = object have a life
5. egocentrism = difficulty taking other people perspective
6. Centration: Focusing on one point and exclusion of other relevant

Question 18

What happens in concrete operational stage:

- 7 to 12 year old

Answer 18

1. Thinks logically (characterized by the appropriate use of logic)
2. Understand conservation (changing perspectives)
3. less egocentric

Question 19

What happens in formal operational stage

- 12 to 18 years old

Answer 19

1. Can reason abstractly
2. Think in hypothetical terms
3. perform systematic and scientific (methods)

Question 20

Name the 4 weakness of piaget:

Answer 20

1. When children enter a given stage, their thinking consistently shows the characteristics of that stage. Wrong there is a certain variablity !
2. Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized
3. Piaget’s theory underestimates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development.
4. Piaget does not discuss cognitive processes or mechanism that produce cognitive growth !

Question 21

What approaches does Lev Vygotsky use and what determines for him the developmental process?

Answer 21

It is the sociocultural approach to cognitive development

- based on social interactions

Question 22

Name the 3 Main concepts of the Lev Vygotsky theory:

Answer 22

1. Zone of proximal development
2. Scaffolding:
3. Guided participation:

Question 23

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 23

ZPD is defined as the task that kids can do with guidance but not on there own.
We learn with tasks that are a bit out of our current ability! Tasks in our ability zone does not promote learning ! Task which are to to complex bring frustation !

Question 24

Define scaffolding:

Answer 24

Providing a temporary framework that supports children’s thinking. Framework such as advice on how to solve a task.

Question 25

Define guided participation:

Answer 25

A process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn !
- not necessiarly bound to szone of proximal devlopemnt

Question 26

Name the stages of how a child knows what to do:

Answer 26

1. At first, children’s behavior is controlled by other people’s statement
2. private speech, in which they tell themselves loud what to do
3. internalized private speech (thought), in which they silently tell themselves what to do

Question 27

Name the differneces between Vygotsky and Piaget :

Answer 27

Piaget: cognitive devlopment lead to growth of language
Vygotsky: Language leads to cognitive devlopemt
- Children are social learnes (vygotsky) or children teach themslef (piaget)