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Yr1 -S1 - Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour? (neoplasm)

A

An abnormal growing mass of tissue

growth is uncoordinated with that of surrounding normal tissue

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2
Q

Two types of tumour

A

Benign

Malignant (cancerous)

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3
Q

Classifying tumours is based on

A

the tissue of origin

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4
Q

Tissue of origin of a cancer may be

A

Epithelium

Connective tissue

blood

lymphoid tissue

melanocytes

neural tissue

germ cells (ovary/testis)

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5
Q

Nomenclature epithelial tumour

Benign

A

Adenoma - benign

squamous papilloma

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6
Q

Nomenclature epithelial tumour

malignant

A

Adeno-carcinoma - malignant

squamous carcinoma

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7
Q

Nomenclature connective tissue tumour

benign

A

osteoma

lipoma

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8
Q

Nomenclature connective tissue tumour

malignant

A

osteo-sarcoma

lipo-sarcoma

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9
Q

White blood cell cancer

A

leukaemia

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10
Q

Melanocyte cancer

A

Naevus (benign)

Melanoma (malignant)

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11
Q

CNS tumour

A

astrocytoma

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12
Q

PNS tumour

A

Schwannoma

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13
Q

Germ cell tumours

A

teratomas

ovarian - usually benign

testicular - usually malignant

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14
Q

Features of benign tumours

A

non-invasive growth pattern

usually Encapsulated

NO INVASION

NO METASTASIS

Rarely cause death/ function similar to normal tissue

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15
Q

Features of malignant tumours

A

invasive growth pattern

no capsule (or capsule breached by tumour cells)

cell abnormal

spread of cancer/ frequently cause death

poorly differentiated

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16
Q

Loss of tumour suppressor genes

A

APC
RB
BRCA1

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17
Q

Tumour biomarkers

A

Onco-fetal proteins

oncogenes

growth factors and receptors

immune checkpoint inhibitors

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18
Q

Biomarkers

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic and predictive

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19
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein biomarker

A

teratoma of the testis

hepatocellular carcinoma

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20
Q

Carcino-embryonic antigen biomarker

A

colorectal cancer

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21
Q

Oestrogen receptor biomarker

A

breast cancer

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22
Q

prostate specific antigen biomarker

A

prostate cancer

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23
Q

Tumour growth is the balance between…

A

cell growth and cell death

angiogenesis and apoptosis

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24
Q

Invasion and metastasis gives….

A

increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

altered cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion

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25
Modes of spread of cancer
local spread lymphatic spread blood spread trans-coelomic spread
26
Trans-coelomic spread
special form of local spread spread of tumour cells across the body cavities lung / stomach / colon / ovary
27
common sites of metastasis
liver, brain, lung, bone, adrenal gland, omentum
28
Systemic effects of malignant tumours
weight loss secretion of hormones paraneoplastic syndromes
29
Features of dysplasia
Disorganisation of cells increased nuclear size/ mitotic activity abnormal mitoses
30
Cell cycle
time interval between mitotic divisions
31
Cell cycle phases order...
M -- G1 -- S -- G2 etc etc
32
M phase
mitosis and cell division
33
S phase
DNA synthesis
34
G1 phase
synthesis of components required for DNA synthesis
35
G2 phase
Preparation for mitosis
36
Checkpoints
System of cyclically active and inactive enzymes catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit
37
Catalytic subunits
CDK (cyclin dependent kinases)
38
Regulatory subunits
cyclins
39
p21
cyclin dependant inhibitor
40
E2F
transcription factor potent stimulator of cell cycle entry
41
Rb
Retinoblastoma tumour suppressor hypophosphorylated/ active Rb inactivates E2F applies a break in the cell cycle
42
Purine and Pyrimidine bases in DNA
critical cellular targets for radiation damage
43
DNA adducts
chemical carcinogens reacts with DNA forming covalently bound products
44
The primary defect in cancer is
uncontrolled cell proliferation via cell cycle dysregulation
45
Two commonly interrupted regulatory pathways
cyclin D-pRb-E2F pathway p53 pathway
46
Virtually all cancers are dysregulated at G1-S because of what 4 genes?
Rb, CDK4, Cyclin D, p16
47
Mutations can be
inherited or sporadic
48
Loss of cell cycle control is key to...
malignant transformation
49
Retinoblastoma
caused by the loss of a tumour suppressor gene
50
Lipo-sarcoma
Malignant tumour of fatty tissue
51
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium
52
Astrocytoma
Tumour of the CNS
53
Seminoma
Malignant tumour of germ cells
54
Omentum is a common site of metastasis in what cancer?
ovarian
55
most common type of cancer in men in the UK
prostate
56
DNA adducts
increase oncogene activation suppression of tumour suppressor gene sites
57
Purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA are critical cellular targets for damage by...
radiation oxidizing agents tumour -suppressor genes
58
CHEMICAL carcinogens or their active metabolites can react with DNA to form covalently bound products known as....
DNA adducts
59
Chromosomal rearrangements can lead to...
oncogene activation
60
Viral carcinogenesis
Viral genome inserts near the host proto-oncogene
61
DNA viruses are known to cause cancer in..
HPV (Cervical cancer) Hepatitis B (Liver cancer) EBV (Burkitts Lymphoma)
62
BRCA-1
Breast cancer
63
Two-hit hypothesis (oncogenesis)
Inherited form (1 defective copy of Rb) Sporadic form
64
Chemotherapy
IV or oral systemic delivery/absorption
65
Delivery of chemotherapy
Oral IV regular cycles with timing dependent on half life/ excretions etc
66
Methods of assessing drug activity
1. Objective response (CT scan, PET scan) 2. improved (overall survival etc) 3. Adjuvant 4. Neoadjuvant
67
Alkalyating agents
alkyl groups form covalent bonds with other molecules CANNOT act as templates for new DNA formation
68
Antimetabolites
have a similar chemical structure to essential metabolites required by cell prior to cell division May be incorporated into new nuclear material or bind irreversibly with vital enzymes to inhibits cell division
69
Vinca Alkaloids
Metaphase arrest agents - block microtubule and spindle formation
70
Taxanes
promote spindles and 'freeze' cells at that stage of cycles
71
Antimitotic Antibiotics
anthracyclins and non-anthracyclins intercalate and INHIBIT RNA and DNA synthesis Free radicals disrupt DNA chain and prevent mitosis
72
Combination Chemotherapy
1. different mechanism of action | 2. dissimilar toxicity profile (give each to maximum tolerated dose)
73
Hormonal Drugs
Anti-oestrogen (breast cancer) Anti-androgen (prostate cancer)
74
Targeted drugs against...
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) VEGF (vascular endothelial receptor)
75
Gefitinib
EGFR inhibitor Breast/ lung etc cancers
76
Immunotherapy
boosts immune system to help defend against cancer
77
Somatic Mutations
Occur in non-germline tissues nonheritable
78
Germline mutations
present in egg or sperm heritable cause cancer family syndromes
79
HNPCC (colorectal cancer) arises from
failure of mismatch repair genes (MMR)
80
MMR failure leads to
microsatellite instability
81
MMR (mismatch repair genes)
corrects errors that spontaneously occur during DNA replication (like single base mismatches or short insertions/deletions)
82
De novo mutations
NEW new mutations occurs in germ cell of parent
83
Most cancer susceptibility genes are...
dominant with incomplete penetrance
84
BRCA1
checkpoint mediator DNA damage, signalling and repair
85
how much is breast and ovarian cancer hereditary?
5-10%
86
Polyposis
Multiple adenomas
87
Cancers promoted by...
oncogenes | growth factors
88
new blood vessels must form in order for tumour mass to exceed...
2mm in diameter
89
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is necessary for...
new blood vessel formation to occur
90
5 R's of radiobiology
``` radiosensitivity repair re-population re-oxygenation re-assortment ```
91
HT29
CRC cell line
92
PD1 and PDL1 antagonists are used in...
melanoma and lung cancers

Yr1 -S1 - Principles of Disease (25 decks)

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