Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr1 -S1 - Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour? (neoplasm)

A

An abnormal growing mass of tissue

growth is uncoordinated with that of surrounding normal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two types of tumour

A

Benign

Malignant (cancerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classifying tumours is based on

A

the tissue of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissue of origin of a cancer may be

A

Epithelium

Connective tissue

blood

lymphoid tissue

melanocytes

neural tissue

germ cells (ovary/testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nomenclature epithelial tumour

Benign

A

Adenoma - benign

squamous papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nomenclature epithelial tumour

malignant

A

Adeno-carcinoma - malignant

squamous carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nomenclature connective tissue tumour

benign

A

osteoma

lipoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nomenclature connective tissue tumour

malignant

A

osteo-sarcoma

lipo-sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

White blood cell cancer

A

leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Melanocyte cancer

A

Naevus (benign)

Melanoma (malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CNS tumour

A

astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PNS tumour

A

Schwannoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Germ cell tumours

A

teratomas

ovarian - usually benign

testicular - usually malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Features of benign tumours

A

non-invasive growth pattern

usually Encapsulated

NO INVASION

NO METASTASIS

Rarely cause death/ function similar to normal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Features of malignant tumours

A

invasive growth pattern

no capsule (or capsule breached by tumour cells)

cell abnormal

spread of cancer/ frequently cause death

poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loss of tumour suppressor genes

A

APC
RB
BRCA1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tumour biomarkers

A

Onco-fetal proteins

oncogenes

growth factors and receptors

immune checkpoint inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Biomarkers

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic and predictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein biomarker

A

teratoma of the testis

hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carcino-embryonic antigen biomarker

A

colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oestrogen receptor biomarker

A

breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

prostate specific antigen biomarker

A

prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tumour growth is the balance between…

A

cell growth and cell death

angiogenesis and apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Invasion and metastasis gives….

A

increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

altered cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Modes of spread of cancer

A

local spread

lymphatic spread

blood spread

trans-coelomic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Trans-coelomic spread

A

special form of local spread

spread of tumour cells across the body cavities

lung / stomach / colon / ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

common sites of metastasis

A

liver, brain, lung, bone, adrenal gland, omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Systemic effects of malignant tumours

A

weight loss

secretion of hormones

paraneoplastic syndromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Features of dysplasia

A

Disorganisation of cells

increased nuclear size/ mitotic activity
abnormal mitoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cell cycle

A

time interval between mitotic divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cell cycle phases order…

A

M – G1 – S – G2 etc etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

M phase

A

mitosis and cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

G1 phase

A

synthesis of components required for DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

G2 phase

A

Preparation for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Checkpoints

A

System of cyclically active and inactive enzymes

catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Catalytic subunits

A

CDK (cyclin dependent kinases)

38
Q

Regulatory subunits

A

cyclins

39
Q

p21

A

cyclin dependant inhibitor

40
Q

E2F

A

transcription factor

potent stimulator of cell cycle entry

41
Q

Rb

A

Retinoblastoma

tumour suppressor

hypophosphorylated/ active Rb inactivates E2F

applies a break in the cell cycle

42
Q

Purine and Pyrimidine bases in DNA

A

critical cellular targets for radiation damage

43
Q

DNA adducts

A

chemical carcinogens reacts with DNA forming covalently bound products

44
Q

The primary defect in cancer is

A

uncontrolled cell proliferation via cell cycle dysregulation

45
Q

Two commonly interrupted regulatory pathways

A

cyclin D-pRb-E2F pathway

p53 pathway

46
Q

Virtually all cancers are dysregulated at G1-S because of what 4 genes?

A

Rb, CDK4, Cyclin D, p16

47
Q

Mutations can be

A

inherited or sporadic

48
Q

Loss of cell cycle control is key to…

A

malignant transformation

49
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

caused by the loss of a tumour suppressor gene

50
Q

Lipo-sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of fatty tissue

51
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

52
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Tumour of the CNS

53
Q

Seminoma

A

Malignant tumour of germ cells

54
Q

Omentum is a common site of metastasis in what cancer?

A

ovarian

55
Q

most common type of cancer in men in the UK

A

prostate

56
Q

DNA adducts

A

increase oncogene activation

suppression of tumour suppressor gene sites

57
Q

Purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA are critical cellular targets for damage by…

A

radiation
oxidizing agents
tumour -suppressor genes

58
Q

CHEMICAL carcinogens or their active metabolites can react with DNA to form covalently bound products known as….

A

DNA adducts

59
Q

Chromosomal rearrangements can lead to…

A

oncogene activation

60
Q

Viral carcinogenesis

A

Viral genome inserts near the host proto-oncogene

61
Q

DNA viruses are known to cause cancer in..

A

HPV (Cervical cancer)
Hepatitis B (Liver cancer)
EBV (Burkitts Lymphoma)

62
Q

BRCA-1

A

Breast cancer

63
Q

Two-hit hypothesis (oncogenesis)

A

Inherited form (1 defective copy of Rb)

Sporadic form

64
Q

Chemotherapy

A

IV or oral systemic delivery/absorption

65
Q

Delivery of chemotherapy

A

Oral IV

regular cycles with timing dependent on half life/ excretions etc

66
Q

Methods of assessing drug activity

A
  1. Objective response (CT scan, PET scan)
  2. improved (overall survival etc)
  3. Adjuvant
  4. Neoadjuvant
67
Q

Alkalyating agents

A

alkyl groups form covalent bonds with other molecules

CANNOT act as templates for new DNA formation

68
Q

Antimetabolites

A

have a similar chemical structure to essential metabolites required by cell prior to cell division

May be incorporated into new nuclear material or bind irreversibly with vital enzymes to inhibits cell division

69
Q

Vinca Alkaloids

A

Metaphase arrest agents - block microtubule and spindle formation

70
Q

Taxanes

A

promote spindles and ‘freeze’ cells at that stage of cycles

71
Q

Antimitotic Antibiotics

A

anthracyclins and non-anthracyclins

intercalate and INHIBIT RNA and DNA synthesis

Free radicals disrupt DNA chain and prevent mitosis

72
Q

Combination Chemotherapy

A
  1. different mechanism of action

2. dissimilar toxicity profile (give each to maximum tolerated dose)

73
Q

Hormonal Drugs

A

Anti-oestrogen (breast cancer)

Anti-androgen (prostate cancer)

74
Q

Targeted drugs against…

A

EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)

VEGF (vascular endothelial receptor)

75
Q

Gefitinib

A

EGFR inhibitor

Breast/ lung etc cancers

76
Q

Immunotherapy

A

boosts immune system to help defend against cancer

77
Q

Somatic Mutations

A

Occur in non-germline tissues

nonheritable

78
Q

Germline mutations

A

present in egg or sperm

heritable

cause cancer family syndromes

79
Q

HNPCC (colorectal cancer) arises from

A

failure of mismatch repair genes (MMR)

80
Q

MMR failure leads to

A

microsatellite instability

81
Q

MMR (mismatch repair genes)

A

corrects errors that spontaneously occur during DNA replication

(like single base mismatches or short insertions/deletions)

82
Q

De novo mutations

A

NEW

new mutations occurs in germ cell of parent

83
Q

Most cancer susceptibility genes are…

A

dominant with incomplete penetrance

84
Q

BRCA1

A

checkpoint mediator

DNA damage, signalling and repair

85
Q

how much is breast and ovarian cancer hereditary?

A

5-10%

86
Q

Polyposis

A

Multiple adenomas

87
Q

Cancers promoted by…

A

oncogenes

growth factors

88
Q

new blood vessels must form in order for tumour mass to exceed…

A

2mm in diameter

89
Q

Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is necessary for…

A

new blood vessel formation to occur

90
Q

5 R’s of radiobiology

A 
radiosensitivity
repair
re-population
re-oxygenation
re-assortment
91
Q

HT29

A

CRC cell line

92
Q

PD1 and PDL1 antagonists are used in…

A

melanoma and lung cancers

Yr1 -S1 - Principles of Disease (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions