Principles of Immunnisation

Question 1

Two types of Immunity

Answer 1

Adaptive (acquired)

Innate

Question 2

Two types of adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Active and Passive

Question 3

Passive Immunity Advantages

Answer 3

Gives immediate protection (a quick fix!)

Question 4

Passive Immunity Disadvantages

Answer 4

Short-term effect (NO IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY)

Serum Sickness - incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis

Question 5

Passive Immunity examples

Answer 5

NATURAL - Maternal immunoglobulin (transferred to the foetus)

ARTIFICIAL - Snakes and spider bites, scorpion stings, fish stings
Rabies immunoglobulin

Question 6

Prophylaxis

Answer 6

measures designed to preserve health

Question 7

Human Normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)

Answer 7

Hep A, Measles, Polio, Rubella

Question 8

Specific Immunoglobulin

Answer 8

Hep B, Rabies, Tetanus, Varicella-Zoster Virus

Question 9

Active Immunity

Answer 9

Natural - Exposure Infections

Artificial - Vaccination

Question 10

Active Immunity

Answer 10

Antigen (whole organism or part of it) stimulates immune response

Long term immunity (may be lifelong)

Immunological Memory

No immediate effect- but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter

Question 11

Vaccination

Answer 11

administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individuals system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

Question 12

Common diseases we can vaccinate against

Answer 12

Measles
Mumps
Rubella
(MMR - mumps/rubella vaccine)

Question 13

Two methods of conventional vaccines

Answer 13

Whole organism killed

Attenuated whole organism

Question 14

Subunit Vaccines (recombinant proteins)

Answer 14

Generally very safe
Easy to standardise
Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

Question 15

Toxoid (modified toxin)

Answer 15

Toxin is treated with formalin

Toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activity

Only induces immunity against the toxin, not the organism that produces it

eg - tetanus / diphtheria

Question 16

Live attenuated (LAV) vaccine
examples

Answer 16

Tuberculosis
Measles
Rotavirus

Question 17

Inactivated (killed antigen)

examples

Answer 17

Whole-cell pertussis

Question 18

Subunit (purified antigen

examples

Answer 18

Hep B

Question 19

Toxoid (inactivated toxins)

examples

Answer 19

Tetanus

Diptheria

Question 20

What makes a good vaccine?

Answer 20

Potent antibody response

Potent CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response
CD4+ T helper response

Memory

Question 21

Antigenic shift arises from…

Answer 21

point mutations

Question 22

The cold chain network

Answer 22

Making sure the vaccine maintains its quality from the time of manufacture to the point of administration

Question 23

Conjugate vaccine

Answer 23

Antigen a carbohydrate capsule.

Conjugation of the carbohydrate to a protein carrier makes them more effective

Question 24

Infants and older patients

Answer 24

Naïve B cells (decreased expression of cell surface receptors etc)

Plasma cells ( limited IgG responses to protein antigen)

Memory B cells (accumulation of B cells with restricted diversity)

Question 25

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is linked to…

Answer 25

100% of cervical cancers

HPV strains used as vaccine

Question 26

Checkpoint inhibitors

Answer 26

Checkpoint inhibitor antibodies unlock the gateway to the adaptive immune system

Anti-tumour responses