Principles of Immunnisation Flashcards
Two types of Immunity
Adaptive (acquired)
Innate
Two types of adaptive immunity
Active and Passive
Passive Immunity Advantages
Gives immediate protection (a quick fix!)
Passive Immunity Disadvantages
Short-term effect (NO IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY)
Serum Sickness - incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis
Passive Immunity examples
NATURAL - Maternal immunoglobulin (transferred to the foetus)
ARTIFICIAL - Snakes and spider bites, scorpion stings, fish stings
Rabies immunoglobulin
Prophylaxis
measures designed to preserve health
Human Normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)
Hep A, Measles, Polio, Rubella
Specific Immunoglobulin
Hep B, Rabies, Tetanus, Varicella-Zoster Virus
Active Immunity
Natural - Exposure Infections
Artificial - Vaccination
Active Immunity
Antigen (whole organism or part of it) stimulates immune response
Long term immunity (may be lifelong)
Immunological Memory
No immediate effect- but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter
Vaccination
administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individuals system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen
Common diseases we can vaccinate against
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
(MMR - mumps/rubella vaccine)
Two methods of conventional vaccines
Whole organism killed
Attenuated whole organism
Subunit Vaccines (recombinant proteins)
Generally very safe
Easy to standardise
Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant
Toxoid (modified toxin)
Toxin is treated with formalin
Toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activity
Only induces immunity against the toxin, not the organism that produces it
eg - tetanus / diphtheria
Live attenuated (LAV) vaccine examples
Tuberculosis
Measles
Rotavirus
Inactivated (killed antigen)
examples
Whole-cell pertussis
Subunit (purified antigen
examples
Hep B
Toxoid (inactivated toxins)
examples
Tetanus
Diptheria
What makes a good vaccine?
Potent antibody response
Potent CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response
CD4+ T helper response
Memory
Antigenic shift arises from…
point mutations
The cold chain network
Making sure the vaccine maintains its quality from the time of manufacture to the point of administration
Conjugate vaccine
Antigen a carbohydrate capsule.
Conjugation of the carbohydrate to a protein carrier makes them more effective
Infants and older patients
Naïve B cells (decreased expression of cell surface receptors etc)
Plasma cells ( limited IgG responses to protein antigen)
Memory B cells (accumulation of B cells with restricted diversity)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is linked to…
100% of cervical cancers
HPV strains used as vaccine
Checkpoint inhibitors
Checkpoint inhibitor antibodies unlock the gateway to the adaptive immune system
Anti-tumour responses
