Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the local effects of benign tumours?
Pressure, obstruction
What are the local effects of malignant tumours?
- Pressure
- obstruction
- Tissue destruction (ulceration/infection),
- Bleeding (anaemia, haemorrhage)
- Pain
How does pain arise from malignant tumours?
Pain arises from:
- Pressure on nerves
- Perineural infiltration
- Bone pain from pathological fractures
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours?
- Weight loss- cancer cachexia
- Secretion of hormones (abnormal is more common)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
- Effects of treatment
What are the types of hormone production by tumours?
-“normal” - produced by tumours of endocrine organ.
But abnormal control of hormone production/secretion
-“abnormal” - produced by tumour from an organ the does not normally produce hormone
What is an example of inappropiate hormone secretion?
In lung cancer, hither is inappropriate hormone secretion of ACTH and ADH.
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
- They occur alongside the cancer as a result of the activation of your immune system.
- It is the production of hormone/growth factor
What dos early detection of cancer involve?
identification of dysplasia and intra-epithelial neoplasia
What is dysplasia?
- Before cancer cells form in tissues, the cells go through abnormal changes called dysplasia.
- Abnormal cells.
What are 5 important facts about dysplasia?
- Pre-malignant change
- Earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised
- identified in epithelium
- No invasion
- But can progress to cancer
What are features of dysplasia?
- disorganisaiton of cells (increased nuclear size, increased mitotic activity, abnormal mitoses)
- grading of dysplasia (high grade/low grade)
- no invasion
Example of an early detection test for cancer
- Cervical cancer screening
- Aims to reduce incidcie of squamous carcinoma of cervix
- involves the detection of dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix
