Acute inflammation 2 Flashcards
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution Suppuration Organisation Dissemination Chronic inflammation
What do you call inflammation at…
- Peritoneal cavity
- Meninges
- Appendix
Peritonitis
Meningitis
Appendicitis
What do you call inflammation at the…
- Lungs
- Pleural cavity
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
What do neutrophils do?
They are mobile phagocytes which recognise foreign antigens and move towards it- chemotaxis. They adhere to the organism.
The granules released granule contents which contains oxidants (H2O2) and enzymes (proteases). Phagocytosis occurs and the foreign antigen is destroyed.
What happens when the granules have been expelled?
The neutrophils die. This produces pus where the infection is. it might extend into other tissues, which progresses the inflammation.
What does pus consist of?
Dead tissue, organisms, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris.
Surrounded by a pyogenic membrane
What is the role of plasma proteins in inflammation?
Fibrinogen (coagulation factor) forms fibrin and clots exudates, localises inflammatory response.
What are the types of mediators of acute inflammation?
- molecules on endothelial cell surface membrane
- molecules released from cells
- molecules inside cells
- molecules in the plasma
What are the collective effects of mediators?
vasodilation
increased permeability, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis,
itch and pain
what molecules are released from cells?
- histamine
- 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
- prostaglandin
- cytokines and chemokine
- nitric oxide
- oxygen free radicals ie H2O2, OH, O2
What are the immediate systemic effects of inflammation?
Pyrexia- raised temperature
- Endogenous pyrogens from white cells acts centrally
Feel unwell
- Malaise, anorexia, nausea
- Abdominal pain and vomiting in children
Neutrophilia- raised white cell count
- Bone marrow releases/produces
What are the longer- term effects of inflammation?
Lymphadenopathy- regional lymph node enlargement
Weight loss- catabolic process
Anaemia
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Suppuration
Organisation
Dissemination
What is suppuration?
- Pus formation (Dead tissue, organisms, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris.)
Pyogenic membrane surrounds the pus
What is organisation?
- Granulation tissue is a “universal patch”/repair kit for all damage. It is formed of new capillaries- angiogenesis, fibroblasts and collagen, macrophages.
- Healing and repair
- Leads to fibrosis and formation of a scar
What is dissemination?
- Spread to bloodstream- patient “septic”
- Bacteraemia- bacteria in blood
- Septicaemia- growth of bacteria in blood
- Toxaemia- toxic products in blood
What is an abscess?
Collection of pus (suppuration) under pressure
Single locule, multiloculated
“points” and discharges
Collapses- healing and repair
Where else can Pus be found and how does it occur?
Pus bursts through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities.
ISSUE.
- Empyema- in a hollow viscus i.e. gall bladder and pleural cavity
- PYAEMIA- discharge to bloodstream
What are the effects of systemic infection?
Shock- inability to perfuse tissues Clinical picture of early septic shock - Peripheral vasodilation - Tachycardia- high heart rate - Hypotension- low blood pressure
