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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of cancer cells: What are examples of loss of tumour suppressor genes?

A
  • Adenomatour Polyposis
  • Retinoblastoma
  • BRCA1
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2
Q

Properties of cancer cells: What are examples of gain of function of oncogenes?

A
  • B-raf
  • Cyclin D1
  • Erbb2
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3
Q

What are other properties of cancer cells?

A
  • Altered cellular function
  • Abnormal morphology
  • Cells are capable of independent growth
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4
Q

How is cellular function altered in cancer cells

A
  • Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion
  • Altered cell-to-matrix adhesion
  • Production of tumour-related proteins for example tumour biomarkers including Onco-foetal proteins, oncogenes, growth factors and receptors, immune checkpoint inhibitors
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5
Q

What are tumour biomarkers clinically used for?

A

Screening, diagnosis, prognosis, predictive

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6
Q

What are examples of currently used tumour biomarkers? 1

A
  • Alpha fetoprotein
  • Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Oestrogen receptor
  • Prostate specific antigen
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7
Q

What is the tumour biomarker alpha-fetoprotein used for?

A
  • Teratoma of testis

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

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8
Q

What is the tumour biomarker Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) used for?

A

Colorectal cancer

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9
Q

What is the tumour biomarker Oestrogen receptor used for?

A

Breast cancer

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10
Q

What is the tumour biomarker Prostate specific antigen used for?

A

Prostate cancer

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11
Q

What is the morphology of cancer cells?

A
  • Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism- marked variation in size and shape
  • Mitoses are present and often abnormal
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12
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessel formation by tumours

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13
Q

Why is angiogenesis important clinically?

A
  • Angiogenesis is required to sustain tumour growth
  • However, it provides a route for the release of tumour cells into circulation. More blood vessels in a tumour results in a poorer prognosis
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14
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death which regulates tumour growth.

It is involved in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

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15
Q

How is the spread of cancer divided?

A

Divided into 2 parts- invasion (local) or metastasis (spreads to other tissues/organs)

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16
Q

What will a secondary tumour look like?

A

Identical to primary tumour

17
Q

How can a tumour spread be described?

A

Normal> Tumour> Metastasis

18
Q

What does metastasis involve?

A
  • Increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

- Altered cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion

19
Q

What are the modes of the spread of cancer?

A
  • Local spread
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Blood spread
  • Trans-coelomic spread
20
Q

How does tumour invasion occur?

A

Malignant tumour

Invasion into connective tissue

Invasion into lymph/blood vessels

21
Q

How does tumour invasion occur via lymphatics?

A
  • Adherence of tumour cells to lymph vessels
  • Invasion from lymphatics
  • Invasion from blood vessels
  • Invasion into tissue
  • Formation of metastasis
  • Clinical evidence of metastasis
22
Q

How does tumour metastasis occur via blood?

A
  • Adherence of tumour cells to blood vessels
  • invasion from blood vessels
  • invasion into tissue
  • formation of metastasis
  • clinical evidence of metastasis
23
Q

How does trans-polemic spread occur?

A

It is a special form of local spread.

-Spread of tumour cells across BODY CAVITIES e.g. pleural or peritoneal cavities

24
Q

What shows trans-polemic spread?

A

Tumours of lung, stomach, colon and ovary

25
Q

What is the site of metastasis not related to?

A

Tissue blood flow

26
Q

What does the site of tumour metastasis depend on?

A

Both tumour and tissue related factors

27
Q

What are common site of metastasis?

A

Lung, liver, brain, bone, adrenal gland, peritoneum

28
Q

What are uncommon site of metastasis?

A

Spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart

29
Q

What tissue do breast tumours common metastasise to?

A

Bone tissue

30
Q

What tissue do prostate tumours common metastasise to?

A

Bone tissue

31
Q

What tissue do colorectal tumours common metastasise to?

A

Liver tissue

32
Q

What tissue do ovary tumours common metastasise to?

A

momentum/periotneum

33
Q

What tumours can:

  • Kras
  • Braf
  • EGFR
  • PD-L1
  • Her2 predict?
A

Kras- colorectal cancer

Braf- melanoma

EGFR- lung cancer
PD-L1- lung cancer

Her2- Breast cancer, gastric cancer

Principles of Disease (53 decks)

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