Tumour Pathology 1-3 Flashcards
Tumour
A mass lesion capable of autonomous growth
High => low 5 year survival rates
Melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, lung
Name the 6 tissues for tumours
Blood, epithelium, connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, neural tissue, germ cell
Malignant
Capsule absent and invasive
Poorly differentiated and will spread
Loss of function
Benign
Capsule present and does not spread - rare death
Epithelium tumour
GLANDULAR - Adenoma or adenocarcinoma
SQUAMOUS- squamous papilloma or squamous carcinoma
Connective tissue
BONE - Osteoma or osteosarcoma
FAT - lipoma or liposarcoma
FIBROUS TISSUE - Fibroma or fibrosarcoma
White blood cell tumour
Leukaemia
Lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
Neural tissue
CNS - Astrocytoma
PNS - Schawannoma
Germ cell
Teratoma - ovarian benign testicular malignant
Cancer cells altered genetics
Lose tumour suppressor genes and gain function of oncogenes
Cancer altered cellular function
Tumour related proteins - biomarkers
Lose cell to cell adhesion
Altered cell matrix adhesion
Tumour related proteins
Oncofetal proteins
Oncogenes
Growth factors and receptors
What are tumour related proteins used for
- screening
- diagnosis
- prognosis
Alpha fetoprotein
Teratoma of testis and liver cell
CEA
Colorectal cancer
Kras
colorectal cancer mutated = uneffective drug
EGFR
Lung cancer mutated = effective drug
Braf
Skin cancer
Her2
Breast and gastric cancer
Pleomorphism
Cancer cells abnormal in size and shape and also their mitoses
Angiogenesis
New blood vessel formation by tumours and allow for spread
Apoptosis
Key to balance growth by angiogenesis and involved in response to chemotherapy
What is metastasis related to
Tumour and tissue related factors
Blood spread
Adhere to blood vessel
Lymphatic spread
Adhere to lymph vessel and invade lymph node which acts as clinical evidence
Trans-coelomic spread
Across body cavities
Common sites of metastasis
Liver, lung, brain, axial skeleton and adrenals
Uncommon sites of metastasis
Spleen, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle
Local effect of benign tumour
Pressure and Obstruction
Local effects of malignant tumours
Pain (bone and nerve), obstruction, bleeding, tissue destruction and mucosal ulcers
Systemic effects of malignant tumours
- secretion of normal/abnormal hormones
- paraneoplastic syndrome - immune mechanism
Dysplasia
Pre malignant cells that change in some parts of the body look like cancer cells but no invasion eg cervix, bowel, breast and is the earliest visible change
