Tumour Pathology 1-3

Question 1

Tumour

Answer 1

A mass lesion capable of autonomous growth

Question 2

High => low 5 year survival rates

Answer 2

Melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, lung

Question 3

Name the 6 tissues for tumours

Answer 3

Blood, epithelium, connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, neural tissue, germ cell

Question 4

Malignant

Answer 4

Capsule absent and invasive
Poorly differentiated and will spread
Loss of function

Question 5

Benign

Answer 5

Capsule present and does not spread - rare death

Question 6

Epithelium tumour

Answer 6

GLANDULAR - Adenoma or adenocarcinoma

SQUAMOUS- squamous papilloma or squamous carcinoma

Question 7

Connective tissue

Answer 7

BONE - Osteoma or osteosarcoma
FAT - lipoma or liposarcoma
FIBROUS TISSUE - Fibroma or fibrosarcoma

Question 8

White blood cell tumour

Answer 8

Leukaemia

Question 9

Lymphoid tissue

Answer 9

Lymphoma

Question 10

Neural tissue

Answer 10

CNS - Astrocytoma

PNS - Schawannoma

Question 11

Germ cell

Answer 11

Teratoma - ovarian benign testicular malignant

Question 12

Cancer cells altered genetics

Answer 12

Lose tumour suppressor genes and gain function of oncogenes

Question 13

Cancer altered cellular function

Answer 13

Tumour related proteins - biomarkers
Lose cell to cell adhesion
Altered cell matrix adhesion

Question 14

Tumour related proteins

Answer 14

Oncofetal proteins
Oncogenes
Growth factors and receptors

Question 15

What are tumour related proteins used for

Answer 15

• screening
• diagnosis
• prognosis

Question 16

Alpha fetoprotein

Answer 16

Teratoma of testis and liver cell

Question 17

CEA

Answer 17

Colorectal cancer

Question 18

Kras

Answer 18

colorectal cancer mutated = uneffective drug

Question 19

EGFR

Answer 19

Lung cancer mutated = effective drug

Question 20

Braf

Answer 20

Skin cancer

Question 21

Her2

Answer 21

Breast and gastric cancer

Question 22

Pleomorphism

Answer 22

Cancer cells abnormal in size and shape and also their mitoses

Question 23

Angiogenesis

Answer 23

New blood vessel formation by tumours and allow for spread

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

Key to balance growth by angiogenesis and involved in response to chemotherapy

Question 25

What is metastasis related to

Answer 25

Tumour and tissue related factors

Question 26

Blood spread

Answer 26

Adhere to blood vessel

Question 27

Lymphatic spread

Answer 27

Adhere to lymph vessel and invade lymph node which acts as clinical evidence

Question 28

Trans-coelomic spread

Answer 28

Across body cavities

Question 29

Common sites of metastasis

Answer 29

Liver, lung, brain, axial skeleton and adrenals

Question 30

Uncommon sites of metastasis

Answer 30

Spleen, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle

Question 31

Local effect of benign tumour

Answer 31

Pressure and Obstruction

Question 32

Local effects of malignant tumours

Answer 32

Pain (bone and nerve), obstruction, bleeding, tissue destruction and mucosal ulcers

Question 33

Systemic effects of malignant tumours

Answer 33

• secretion of normal/abnormal hormones

- paraneoplastic syndrome - immune mechanism

Question 34

Dysplasia

Answer 34

Pre malignant cells that change in some parts of the body look like cancer cells but no invasion eg cervix, bowel, breast and is the earliest visible change