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Immunology and Serology [LEC] > TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

•the enlargement of cell volume or tissue without increase in cell number

A

•Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Enlargement of tissue or organ by increased numbers of cells without change in volume of the cells

A

•Hyperplasia

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3
Q

• replacement of a given differentiated tissue, with another differentiated tissue having the same embryonic origin.

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

• Pathological process characterized by an
overgrowth of tissue consisting of atypical cells,
characterized by a self-growing, progressive,
irreversible and non-finalistic behavior.

A

Neoplasia

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5
Q

• An abnormal mass of tissue that results from the
uncontrolled growth of normal cells even after the
growth stimulus is removed

A

Neoplasia

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6
Q

• Typically, a mild and non-progressive tumor
that pushes aside normal tissue but does not
invade it as the tumor expands

A

•Benign Tumor

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7
Q

• Generally consisting of poorly
differentiated cells that grow rapidly
and invade surrounding tissue, robbing
the normal tissue of nutrients

A

•Malignant Tumor

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8
Q

• Secondary tumor derived from a
malignant primary tumor

A

•Metastatic tumor

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9
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS

A

•Benign Tumor
•Malignant Tumor
•Metastatic tumor

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS
•According to tissue of origin

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Leukemias or lymphomas
  3. Sarcomas
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11
Q

STAGING SYSTEMS

A
  1. Numbered staging system
  2. TNM system
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12
Q

CANCER STAGING: TNM SYSTEM

A

• T (Tumor)
• 0 to 4
• N (Nodes)
• 0 to 3
•M (Metastasis)
• 0 to 1

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13
Q
A

CARCINOGENESIS

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14
Q

•A multistep process involving a series of
genetic mutations that cause the
phenotype of a cell to be changed over
time

A

CARCINOGENESIS

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15
Q

•Transformation of a cell into a malignant
tumor

A
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16
Q

GENES INVOLVED IN MALIGNANT
TRANSFORMATION

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor suppressor genes
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17
Q

Normal genes that have a positive influence
on cell proliferation and development.

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
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18
Q

Normally inhibits cell division

A
  1. Tumor suppressor genes
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19
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
CANCEROUS CEL

A
  1. Sustained signaling of proliferation
  2. Resistance to cell death
  3. Ability to induce angiogenesis (development of
    new blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients
    to the tumor)
  4. Immortality in terms of cell division
  5. Invasion and metastasis
  6. Ability to avoid suppressors of cell growth
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20
Q

FOUR ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF A CANCEROUS CELL

A
  1. Reprogramming of energy metabolism to support
    malignant proliferation
  2. Ability to evade destruction by the immune
    system
  3. Genomic instability and mutations
  4. Inflammatory responses that promote tumor
    growth
21
Q

TUMOR ANTIGENS: TWO GROUPS

A
  1. Tumor-specific antigens (TSA’s)
  2. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA’s)
22
Q

•Unique to tumor cells

A
  1. Tumor-specific antigens (TSA’s)
23
Q

•Also found on normal cells

A
  1. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA’s)
24
Q

They are coded for by viral oncogenes or by
host proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor
genes that have undergone genetic
mutations

A

TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

25
Arise from: reciprocal translocation, point mutations • C-ABL, p53
TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
26
Can also be produced by mutations induced by carcinogenic chemicals
TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
27
Expressed in both normal cells as well as in tumor cells
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS
28
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS •Categories:
1. Shared TSAs 2. Differentiation antigens 3. Overexpressed antigens
29
• Expressed in many tumors, but not in most normal tissues
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: SHARED TSAS
30
• The only normal cells in which they have been detected are testicular germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and, to a lesser extent, placental trophoblasts and ovaries.
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: SHARED TSAS
31
• The only normal cells in which they have been detected are testicular germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and, to a lesser extent, placental trophoblasts and ovaries.
• Melanoma antigen gene (MAGE)
32
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS
• Expressed on immature cells of a particular lineage BUT not on mature B cells • E.g., CD10 antigen (CALLA)
33
• Also includes the oncofetal or embryonic antigens that are normally expressed on developing cells of the fetus but not on cells in the adult
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS
34
Examples of oncofetal antigens:
• CEA • AFP • PSA
35
• Found in higher levels on malignant cells than on normal cells
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: OVEREXPRESSED ANTIGENS
36
As a result of genetic mutations and amplifications
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: OVEREXPRESSED ANTIGENS
37
As a result of genetic mutations and amplifications
• HER2 • CA125 • CA 19-9
38
• Biological substances that are found in increased amounts in the blood, body fluids, or tissues of patients with a specific type of cancer
TUMOR MARKERS
39
• Concentration in serum depends on: degree of tumor proliferation, size of tumor mass and the proteolytic activities of the tumor/ release from dying tumor cells
TUMOR MARKERS
40
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL TUMOR MARKER
1. Be produced by the tumor itself or by the patient’s body in response to the tumor 2. Be secreted into a biological fluid, where it can be inexpensively and easily quantified 3. Have a circulating half-life long enough to permit its concentration to rise with increasing tumor load 4. Increase to clinically significant levels above the reference level while the disease is still treatable 5. Have a high sensitivity 6. Have a high specificity
41
CLINICAL USES OF TUMOR MARKERS
1. Screening 2. Diagnosis 3. Prognosis 4. Monitoring
42
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV
Burkitt lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Leiomyosarcomas Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
43
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
44
Hepatitis C virus (HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
45
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Cervical cancer, other genital and anal cancers, Head and neck cancer
46
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
Kaposi sarcoma
47
Human T-lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-1)
Adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma
48
Merkel cell polyomavirus
Merkel cell carcinoma

Immunology and Serology [LEC] (15 decks)

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