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Immunology and Serology [LEC] > TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

•the enlargement of cell volume or tissue without increase in cell number

A

•Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Enlargement of tissue or organ by increased numbers of cells without change in volume of the cells

A

•Hyperplasia

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3
Q

• replacement of a given differentiated tissue, with another differentiated tissue having the same embryonic origin.

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

• Pathological process characterized by an
overgrowth of tissue consisting of atypical cells,
characterized by a self-growing, progressive,
irreversible and non-finalistic behavior.

A

Neoplasia

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5
Q

• An abnormal mass of tissue that results from the
uncontrolled growth of normal cells even after the
growth stimulus is removed

A

Neoplasia

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6
Q

• Typically, a mild and non-progressive tumor
that pushes aside normal tissue but does not
invade it as the tumor expands

A

•Benign Tumor

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7
Q

• Generally consisting of poorly
differentiated cells that grow rapidly
and invade surrounding tissue, robbing
the normal tissue of nutrients

A

•Malignant Tumor

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8
Q

• Secondary tumor derived from a
malignant primary tumor

A

•Metastatic tumor

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9
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS

A

•Benign Tumor
•Malignant Tumor
•Metastatic tumor

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS
•According to tissue of origin

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Leukemias or lymphomas
  3. Sarcomas
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11
Q

STAGING SYSTEMS

A
  1. Numbered staging system
  2. TNM system
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12
Q

CANCER STAGING: TNM SYSTEM

A

• T (Tumor)
• 0 to 4
• N (Nodes)
• 0 to 3
•M (Metastasis)
• 0 to 1

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13
Q
A

CARCINOGENESIS

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14
Q

•A multistep process involving a series of
genetic mutations that cause the
phenotype of a cell to be changed over
time

A

CARCINOGENESIS

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15
Q

•Transformation of a cell into a malignant
tumor

A
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16
Q

GENES INVOLVED IN MALIGNANT
TRANSFORMATION

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor suppressor genes
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17
Q

Normal genes that have a positive influence
on cell proliferation and development.

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
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18
Q

Normally inhibits cell division

A
  1. Tumor suppressor genes
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19
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
CANCEROUS CEL

A
  1. Sustained signaling of proliferation
  2. Resistance to cell death
  3. Ability to induce angiogenesis (development of
    new blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients
    to the tumor)
  4. Immortality in terms of cell division
  5. Invasion and metastasis
  6. Ability to avoid suppressors of cell growth
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20
Q

FOUR ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF A CANCEROUS CELL

A
  1. Reprogramming of energy metabolism to support
    malignant proliferation
  2. Ability to evade destruction by the immune
    system
  3. Genomic instability and mutations
  4. Inflammatory responses that promote tumor
    growth
21
Q

TUMOR ANTIGENS: TWO GROUPS

A
  1. Tumor-specific antigens (TSA’s)
  2. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA’s)
22
Q

•Unique to tumor cells

A
  1. Tumor-specific antigens (TSA’s)
23
Q

•Also found on normal cells

A
  1. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA’s)
24
Q

They are coded for by viral oncogenes or by
host proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor
genes that have undergone genetic
mutations

A

TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

25
Q

Arise from: reciprocal translocation, point mutations
• C-ABL, p53

A

TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

26
Q

Can also be produced by mutations induced by
carcinogenic chemicals

A

TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

27
Q

Expressed in both normal cells as well
as in tumor cells

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS

28
Q

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS
•Categories:

A
  1. Shared TSAs
  2. Differentiation antigens
  3. Overexpressed antigens
29
Q

• Expressed in many tumors, but not in most
normal tissues

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
SHARED TSAS

30
Q

• The only normal cells in which they have been
detected are testicular germ cells (i.e.,
spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and, to a
lesser extent, placental trophoblasts and
ovaries.

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
SHARED TSAS

31
Q

• The only normal cells in which they have been
detected are testicular germ cells (i.e.,
spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and, to a
lesser extent, placental trophoblasts and
ovaries.

A

• Melanoma antigen gene (MAGE)

32
Q

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS

A

• Expressed on immature cells of a particular
lineage BUT not on mature B cells
• E.g., CD10 antigen (CALLA)

33
Q

• Also includes the oncofetal or embryonic
antigens that are normally expressed on
developing cells of the fetus but not on cells in
the adult

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS

34
Q

Examples of oncofetal antigens:

A

• CEA
• AFP
• PSA

35
Q

• Found in higher levels on malignant cells than
on normal cells

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
OVEREXPRESSED ANTIGENS

36
Q

As a result of genetic mutations and amplifications

A

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS:
OVEREXPRESSED ANTIGENS

37
Q

As a result of genetic mutations and amplifications

A

• HER2
• CA125
• CA 19-9

38
Q

• Biological substances that are found in
increased amounts in the blood, body
fluids, or tissues of patients with a specific
type of cancer

A

TUMOR MARKERS

39
Q

• Concentration in serum depends on:
degree of tumor proliferation, size of tumor
mass and the proteolytic activities of the
tumor/ release from dying tumor cells

A

TUMOR MARKERS

40
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL TUMOR
MARKER

A
  1. Be produced by the tumor itself or by the patient’s body in
    response to the tumor
  2. Be secreted into a biological fluid, where it can be
    inexpensively and easily quantified
  3. Have a circulating half-life long enough to permit its
    concentration to rise with increasing tumor load
  4. Increase to clinically significant levels above the reference
    level while the disease is still treatable
  5. Have a high sensitivity
  6. Have a high specificity
41
Q

CLINICAL USES OF TUMOR
MARKERS

A
  1. Screening
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Prognosis
  4. Monitoring
42
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Leiomyosarcomas
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

43
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

44
Q

Hepatitis C virus (HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

45
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

A

Cervical cancer, other genital and anal cancers,
Head and neck cancer

46
Q

Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)

A

Kaposi sarcoma

47
Q

Human T-lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-1)

A

Adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma

48
Q

Merkel cell polyomavirus

A

Merkel cell carcinoma

Immunology and Serology [LEC] (15 decks)

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