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Immunology and Serology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 3 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

• Developmental history of
the immune system
during evolution

A

PHYLOGENY

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2
Q

• Development of the
immune system as a
comparative relation of
man and other animals

A

PHYLOGENY

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3
Q

→ most developed
and most complex
immune system

A

MAN

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4
Q

Man: most developed & most
complex immune system
EVIDENCES:

A
  1. Demonstrable hallmarks
  2. Well-developed immune system organs
  3. Cells are highly specialized
  4. Well developed complement system
  5. Separate function of humoral and cellular
    immunity
  6. Ability to reject graft and mount the
    response is reasonably developed at birth
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5
Q

• Developmental history of
the immune system
within a species

A

ONTOGENY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHOID TISSUES

A
  1. To provide an environment for the
    maturation of the immune system’s
    immature cells
    2.To concentrate lymphocytes into organs
    that drain areas of antigen insult
    3.To permit the interaction of different
    classes of lymphocytes
    4.To provide an efficient vehicle for the
    disbursement of antibodies and other
    soluble factors from lymphocytes and
    other immune cells.
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7
Q

– A tissue in which lymphocytes are found

A

LYMPHOID TISSUE

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8
Q

– Diffuse arrangements of individual cells to encapsulated organs

A

LYMPHOID TISSUE

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9
Q

– Organized cylindrical clusters of lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOID FOLLICLES

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10
Q

Organized cylindrical clusters of lymphocytes that, when gathered into groups, are called

A

lymphoid patches

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11
Q

– Usually groups of follicles that are surrounded or encapsulated by specialized supporting tissues and membranes

A

LYMPHOID ORGANS

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12
Q

Lymphocytes develop central tolerance is establised

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

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13
Q

All lymphocytes arise from HSCs in the bone marrow and B cells mature in this site

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

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14
Q

T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus and mature in this site

A

-Bone marrow
-Thymus

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15
Q

Thymus
T
lymphocytes
(%)
B lymphocytes
(%)

A

100
0

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16
Q

Blood
T
lymphocytes
(%)
B lymphocytes
(%)

A

80
20

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17
Q

Lymp nodes
T
lymphocytes
(%)
B lymphocytes
(%)

A

60
40

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18
Q

Spleen
T
lymphocytes
(%)
B lymphocytes
(%)

A

45
55

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19
Q

Bone marrow
T
lymphocytes
(%)
B lymphocytes
(%)

A

20
90

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20
Q

• the primary site of
hematopoiesis in the
adult human.

A

BONE MARROW

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21
Q

BONE MARROW
– about (?)% myeloid
lineage cells

A

60–70

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22
Q

BONE MARROW
– (?)% erythroid lineage
cells

A

20–30

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23
Q

BONE MARROW
– (?)% lymphoid lineage cell

A

10

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24
Q

BONE MARROW
– remainder consisting of
(1) plus
various other (?)
such as stromal cells and
adipocytes

A
  1. mast lineage cells
  2. non-hematopoietic cell types
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25
Q

• Where immature T cells
complete their development.

A

THYMUS

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26
Q

• Sites for antigen-driven immune cells

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES/ORGANS

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27
Q

• Antigen-dependent lymphocyte
differentiation occurs

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES/ORGANS

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28
Q

• Major site for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigen during a primary adaptive response

A

Lymph nodes

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29
Q

• Occur along the entire length of lymphatic system
but are clustered in a few key regions

A

Lymph nodes

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30
Q

• Bean-shaped, encapsulated structures 2- 10 mm in diameter

A

Lymph nodes

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31
Q

• Contain large numbers of lymphocytes, FDCs and
APCs

A

Lymph nodes

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32
Q

– Contains large numbers of resting B cells,
FDCs and macrophages arranged in lymphoid
follicles

A

Cortex

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33
Q

– Home to many T cells and thymic DCs

A

Paracortex

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34
Q

• Antibody-secreting plasma cells

A

Medulla

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35
Q

• Most antigens escaping
the innate immune response, (?) make their way into the tissues, are collected in the lymphatic system and are channeled into local lymph nodes.

A

MALT and
SALT

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36
Q

• Most antigens escaping
the innate immune response, MALT and
SALT make their way into the tissues, are collected in the (?) and are channeled into local lymph nodes.

A

lymphatic system

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37
Q

• Most antigens escaping
the innate immune response, MALT and
SALT make their way into the tissues, are collected in the lymphatic system and are channeled into (?).

A

local lymph nodes

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38
Q

SEVERAL WAYS BY WHICH AN
ANTIGEN CAN ACCESS THE
BLOOD CIRCULATION:

A
  1. Directly into the blood (e.g.,
    drug injection, insect/snake
    bites).
  2. Overwhelming local infection
    can result in penetration of
    underlying blood vessels by
    the pathogen.
  3. Systemic infection contained
    by the lymph nodes pours into
    the efferent lymph, and
    eventually dumped into the
    blood.
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39
Q

• Abdominal organ that traps blood-borne
antigens

A

Spleen

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40
Q

• Entire blood volume of the adult courses
through the spleen 4x daily

A

Spleen

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41
Q

• Each arteriole in the spleen is encased by a
PERIARTERIOLAR LYMPHOID SHEATH (PALS)

A

Spleen

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42
Q

– Cylindrical arrangement of tissue

A

PERIARTERIOLAR LYMPHOID SHEATH (PALS)

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43
Q

– Populated mainly by mature T cells

A

PERIARTERIOLAR LYMPHOID SHEATH (PALS)

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44
Q

– Containing low numbers of plasma cells,
macrophages and conventional DCs

A

PERIARTERIOLAR LYMPHOID SHEATH (PALS)

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45
Q

Spleen
• Tissue surrounding the PALS contains:

A

– Lymphoid follicles
– Surrounding the follicles is the:
– MARGINAL ZONE

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46
Q

• Resting B cells and macrophages

A

Lymphoid follicles

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47
Q

• Contains particular B cell subsets

A

MARGINAL ZONE

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48
Q

– Contain splenic arterioles with their PALS, the follicles and the marginal zone

A

WHITE PULP

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49
Q

– Abundant erythrocytes

A

RED PULP

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50
Q

– Consists of splenic cords and venous sinuses and surrounds the white pulp

A

RED PULP

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51
Q

FUNCTION OF THE RED PULP:

A

– Filtering of particulate material from the blood
– Disposal of senescent or defective erythrocytes
and leukocytes

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52
Q

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)

A

– NALT (Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue)
– BALT (Bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue)
– GALT ( Gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

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53
Q

• Tonsils

A

NALT (Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue)

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54
Q

• Peyer’s patches
• Appendix

A

GALT ( Gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

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55
Q

LYMPHOID TISSUE ORGANIZATION

A

-Diffuse lymphocytes
-Follicle
-Patch
-Organ

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56
Q

Primary and Secondary Lymphoid
Tissues

A

-BALT
-NALT
-GALT
-SALT
-Thymus
-Bone marrow
-Lymp node

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57
Q

LYMPH NODE

A

-Afferent lymphatic vessels
-Cortex
-Paracortex
-Medulla
-Lymphoid follicle
-Capsule
-Subcapsular sinus
-Efferent lymphatic vessel

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58
Q

SPLEEEEEEEEEENNNNN!!!

A

-Lymphoid follicles
-Arteriole
-Marginal zone
-PALS
-Capsule
-Trabeculae
-Hilus
-Efferent lymphatic vessel

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59
Q

Components of NALT and BALT

A

-Ciliated epithlial cell
-Mucus
-Commensal organisms
-Nose hairs
-Lingual tonsil
-Palatine tonsil
-Goblet cell
-M cell
-Trachea
-lambda gamma T cell
-Esophagus
-Submucosal gland
-Bronchus

-Pharyngeal tonsil
-Plasma cell
-alpha beta T cell
-Macrophage
-Interfollicular region
-Follicle
-Immature DC

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60
Q

• With the SALT, protect the body at all surfaces that interfere with the external environment

A

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)

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61
Q

• Populations of mature T & B lymphocytes, DCs, NK and macrophages

A

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)

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62
Q

• Comprises small populations of leukocytes in
the epidermis and dermis

A

SALT (Skin-associated lymphoid tissues)

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63
Q

• EPIDERMIS → (?)

A

Langerhans cells

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64
Q

• DERMIS →(?)

A

T cells, dermal DCs, macrophages

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65
Q

– Entire network of vessels and ducts that
collects and channels the lymph and its
contents throughout the body

A

Lymphatic system

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66
Q

– Connected to the blood circulation

A

Lymphatic system

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67
Q

• (?) empties the lymph into the right subclavian vein

A

Right lymphatic duct

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68
Q

• (?) connects with the left subclavian
vein

A

Thoracic duct

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69
Q

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

-Right lymphatic duct
-Right subclavian vein
-Lymphatic vessels of mammary gland
-Cistema chyli
-Lymphatic vessels of lower limb
-Cervical lymph nodes
-Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
-Lymphatic vessels of upper limb
-Left subclavian vein
-Axiliary lymph nodes
-Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes
-Abdominal lymph nodes
-Inguinal lymph nodes
-Popliteal lymph nodes

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70
Q

• function in cell-mediated immunity

A

T CELLS

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71
Q

T CELLS
• function in cell-mediated immunity:

A

– delayed hypersensitivity
– graft rejection
– graft-versus-host reactions
– defense against intracellular organisms (such as
tubercle bacillus and Brucella)
– defense against neoplasms

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72
Q

• majority of circulating lymphocytes are (?) that have a life span of months to years

A

T cells

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73
Q

• Perform in humoral immunity

A

B CELLS (and their progeny)

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74
Q

• minor population (10%–20% of the
lymphocytes)

A

B CELLS (and their progeny)

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75
Q

• probably have a short life span measured in days (with the exception of memory B cells)

A

B CELLS (and their progeny)

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76
Q

• distinguished by the presence of
considerable Ig on their surface membranes

A

B CELLS (and their progeny)

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77
Q

• Markers to differentiate T cells and B cells

A

SURFACE MARKERS ON
LYMPHOCYTES

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78
Q

• Distinguish the developmental stages of the 2 types of cells

A

SURFACE MARKERS ON
LYMPHOCYTES

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79
Q

• Detected by monoclonal antibodies

A

SURFACE MARKERS ON
LYMPHOCYTES

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80
Q

• CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION

A

– Numerical designation
– Reference in standardizing names of membrane
proteins found on all wbcs
– Currently numbers more than 350
– Human Cell Differentiation Molecules (Dec.
2004)

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81
Q

B CELL DEVELOPMENT
TWO PHASES:

A
  1. Maturation phase
  2. Differentiation phase
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82
Q

– Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) divides and eventually generates mature naïve B cells

A

Maturation phase

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83
Q

– Antigen independent

A

Maturation phase

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84
Q

– Begins in the bone marrow

A

Maturation phase

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85
Q

– Ends with mature naïve B cells taking up
residency in the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Maturation phase

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86
Q

(?) divides and
eventually generates mature naïve B cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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87
Q

Maturation phase
– MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES:

A

• HSC → MPP → CLP → Pro-B cell → Pre-B cell →
Immature naïve B cell → Transitional B cell →
Mature naïve B cell
/MFECh

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88
Q

Differentiation phase
Two stages:

A

a. Activation of a mature B cell by its
specific antigen
b. Generation of antigen-specific plasma cells and memory B cells

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89
Q

(?) → recognized by the presence of a surface molecule called CD45R

A

Earliest B cell precursor

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90
Q

(?) → first hematopoietic cells clearly recognizable as being of the B cell lineage

A

Early pro-B cells

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91
Q

• Identified by their expression of certain B lineage markers and their Ig genes are still in the germline configuration

A

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)

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92
Q

(?) have yet to undergo V(D)J
recombination

A

Igh, Igk, Igl loci

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93
Q

• Transcription factors, or growth factors necessary to differentiate common lymphoid precursors into pro-B cells

A

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)

94
Q

– E2A, EBF (early B-cell factor), paired box protein 5 (PAX)

A

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)

95
Q

– IL-7 → most important; regulates
proliferation and differentiation of B cell precursors

A

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)

96
Q

– All are produced in the bone marrow

A

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)

97
Q

(?) → most important; regulates
proliferation and differentiation of B cell precursors

A

IL-7

98
Q

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)
• Distinctive markers:

A

– CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, c-Kit

99
Q

– (?) → interacts with a cell surface molecule called stem cell factor

A

c-Kit

100
Q

– (?) →coreceptor that helps to regulate further B cell development & activation

A

CD 19

101
Q

– (?) → membrane gp found on all HP cells but the type found on B cells is the largest form →designated CD45R

A

CD45

102
Q

– (?) → tyrosine-specific phosphatase involved in signaling in B cell activation

A

CD45R

103
Q

– (?) → remain on cell surface throughout subsequent developmental stages

A

CD 19, CD24, & CD43

104
Q

PRO-B CELLS (Progenitor B cells)
• Intracellular proteins found:

A

– TdT (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl
transferase)
– RAG-1 & RAG-2 (recombination-activating genes) enzymes

105
Q

• When synthesis of the heavy chain part of the Ab molecule occurs, this stage begins

A

PRE-B CELLS (Precursor B cells)

106
Q

• First heavy chains synthesized:

A

u chains

107
Q

• Lose the CD43 marker, c-Kit and TdT

A

PRE-B CELLS (Precursor B cells

108
Q

• Express u chains on the cell surface

A

PRE-B CELLS (Precursor B cells

109
Q

• Accompanied by an unusual light chain molecule called a (?)

A

surrogate light chain

110
Q

– consist of 2 short polypeptide chains noncovalently associated with each other

A

surrogate light chain

111
Q

– Not Ig proteins, but essential in regulating B-cell development

A

surrogate light chain

112
Q

(?) → consist of 2 heavy chains with the surrogate light chains + 2 very short chains, Ig-a/Ig-b

A

Pre-B cell receptor

113
Q

– Adheres to bm stromal cell membranes

A

Pre-B cell receptor

114
Q

– Transmits signal to prevent rearrangement of any other heavy-chain genes

A

Pre-B cell receptor

115
Q

(?) survive and proceed to further differentiation

A

Only pre-B cells expressing the m heavy chains with the SLC

116
Q

• Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM molecules on the cell surface

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

117
Q

• Rearrangement of the genetic sequence coding for light chains on either chromosome 2 or 22 has taken place by this time

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

118
Q

• Completion of rearrangement commits a cell to produce an antibody molecule with specificity for a particular antigen or group of related antigens

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

119
Q

• Variable regions, which occur on both the L & H chains, determine its specificity

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

120
Q

(?), which occur on both the L & H chains, determine its specificity

A

Variable regions

121
Q

• Once surface immunoglobulins appear, u chains are no longer detectable in the
cytoplasm

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

122
Q

• Other surface proteins:

A
  • CD21
  • CD40 & MHC Class II molecules
123
Q

– (?) → receptor for C3d

A

CD21

124
Q

– (?) → important for interaction of B cells with T cells

A

CD40 & MHC Class II molecules

125
Q

• (?) give a negative signal to
immature B cells, resulting in arrested
maturation and cell death

A

Self- antigens

126
Q

(?) are deleted from the bone marrow by the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis

A

Many B cells capable of producing antibody to self-antigens

127
Q

Many B cells capable of producing antibody to self-antigens are deleted from the bone marrow by the process of programmed cell death or (?)

A

apoptosis

128
Q

(?) receives an intracellular signal to halt development

A

Autoreactive B cells

129
Q

The cell is given a brief period to try to further rearrange its Ig loci and stave off apoptosis by altering its antigenic specificity. This secondary gene rearrangement is called (?)

A

RECEPTOR EDITING

130
Q

• Occurs primarily in the L chain

A

Receptor Editing

131
Q

– B cell dies by apoptosis & is said to be
negatively selected

A

• If receptor editing fails

132
Q

– The BCR no longer recognizes self antigen

A

• If receptor editing is successful

133
Q

– Cell appears to receive a positive selection signal that sustains survival

A

• If receptor editing is successful

134
Q

Cell of Bone Marrow

A

-Hematopoietic stem cell
-Lymphoid cell
-Pro-B cell
-Pre-B cell
-Immature B cell
-Mature B cell

135
Q

Cell of Peripheral pymphoid organs

A

-Mature B cell
-Activated B cell
-Memory B cells of various isotypes
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE

136
Q

• Remain in the bm for 1-3 days before commencing the expression of new
adhesion molecules and homing
receptors that allow them to leave the bm and travel in the blood to the
secondary lymphoid tissues

A

IMMATURE B CELLS

137
Q

• Extravasate from the blood first into the red pulp of the spleen and then into its PALS

A

TRANSITIONAL TYPE 1 B CELLS (T1 B cells)

138
Q

• After 24 h in the PALS, T1 B cells in the
PALS become (?), or T2 B cells

A

transitional type 2 B cells

139
Q

• A cytokine called (?)

A

BAFF (B lymphocyte activating factor belonging to the TNF
family)

140
Q

– essential for transition and T2 B cell survival

A

BAFF (B lymphocyte activating factor belonging to the TNF
family)

141
Q

• Start to colonize the B cell rich areas of the spleen and acquire the ability to emigrate to other secondary lymphoid
tissues, particularly the lymph nodes

A

TRANSITIONAL TYPE 2 B CELLS (T2 B
cells)

142
Q

• Also commence the surface expression of IgD as well as IgM

A

TRANSITIONAL TYPE 2 B CELLS (T2 B
cells)

143
Q

• Once established in the lymphoid follicles, they become mature B cells in the periphery

A

MATURE NAÏVE B CELLS IN THE PERIPHERY

144
Q

• Also known as follicular B cells

A

MATURE NAÏVE B CELLS IN THE PERIPHERY

145
Q

• Slightly lower levels of mIgM than T2 B cells but higher levels of mIgD

A

MATURE NAÏVE B CELLS IN THE PERIPHERY

146
Q

• Permanently lose expression of the RAG-1 & RAG-2

A

MATURE NAÏVE B CELLS IN THE PERIPHERY

147
Q

• Now poised to encounter antigen

A

MATURE NAÏVE B CELLS IN THE PERIPHERY

148
Q

(?)→ produces 109
mature naïve B cells every day

A

Adult human bone marrow

149
Q

Chances of B cells being stimulated by
specific antigen are extremely limited: only
(?) encounters
specific antigen and prevents death by
apoptosis

A

1 in 105 peripheral B cells

150
Q

THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF B CELL IMMUNOGENS:

A
  1. T-INDEPENDENT-1 (Ti-1) ANTIGENS
  2. T-INDEPENDENT-2 (Ti-2) ANTIGENS
  3. T-DEPENDENT ( Td) ANTIGENS
151
Q

• Both types of (?) can activate B cells to produce antibodies without interacting directly with T cells

A

Ti antigens

152
Q

(?) bind to the BCRs to initiate activation but cannot induce plasma cell differentiation and antibody production unless
the B cell interacts directly with a Th effector
cell activated by the same antigen

A

Td antigens

153
Q

T cell help takes the form of:

A

– Cytokines
– Intercellular contacts mediated by
costimulatory molecules

154
Q

• Proteins on the surfaces of lymphocytes whose engagement by specific ligand is necessary for complete activation

A

costimulatory molecules

155
Q

• T cell help allows activated B cells to
undergo:

A

– Somatic hypermutation
– Isotype switching
– Memory B cell production

156
Q

Requires direct interaction
with a T cell for B cell
activation

A

Td ANTIGEN

157
Q

Requires T cell cytokines

A

Td ANTIGEN
Ti-2
ANTIGEN

158
Q

Epitope structure Td ANTIGEN

A

Unique

159
Q

Epitope structure Ti-1 ANTIGEN

A

Mitogen

160
Q

Epitope structure Ti-2
ANTIGEN

A

Repetitive

161
Q

Protein
Yes

A

Td ANTIGEN

162
Q

Protein
Could be

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2
ANTIGEN

163
Q

Polysaccharide
No

A

Td ANTIGEN

164
Q

Polysaccharide
Could be

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2
ANTIGEN

165
Q

Relative response time
Slow

A

Td ANTIGEN

166
Q

Relative response time
Fast

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2
ANTIGEN

167
Q

Dominant Ab isotypes
IgG, IgE, IgA

A

Td ANTIGEN

168
Q

Dominant Ab isotypes
IgM, IgG rarely

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN

169
Q

Dominant Ab isotypes
IgM, IgG
sometimes

A

Ti-2
ANTIGEN

170
Q

Diversity of antibodies
High

A

Td ANTIGEN

171
Q

Diversity of antibodies
Low

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2
ANTIGEN

172
Q

Stimulates immature and neonatal B cells
No

A

Td ANTIGEN
Ti-2 ANTIGEN

173
Q

Stimulates immature and neonatal B cells
Yes

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN

174
Q

Polyclonal B cell
activator
No

A

Td ANTIGEN
Ti-2 ANTIGEN

175
Q

Polyclonal B cell
activator
Yes

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN

176
Q

Memory B cells generated
Yes

A

Td ANTIGEN

177
Q

Memory B cells generated
No

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2 ANTIGEN

178
Q

Magnitude of response upon a second exposure
Secondary response level

A

Td ANTIGEN

179
Q

Magnitude of response upon a second exposure
Primary response level

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN
Ti-2 ANTIGEN

180
Q

Examples
Diphtheria toxin
Purified
Mycobacterium protein

A

Td ANTIGEN

181
Q

Examples
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide

A

Ti-1 ANTIGEN

182
Q

Examples
Pneumococcal polysaccharide

A

Ti-2 ANTIGEN

183
Q

• Contain a molecular region that acts as a mitogen

A

Ti-1 antigens

184
Q

– Molecule that non-specifically stimulates cells to initiate mitosis

A

mitogen

185
Q

(?) binds to a surface receptor that is expressed by many cells, including B cells

A

Mitogen portion

186
Q

• Simultaneously, the (?) bind to epitopes outside the mitogen region of the Ti-1 antigen

A

BCRs of the B cell

187
Q

• The (?) sends a strong signal to the nucleus of the B cell to proliferate

A

mitogen receptor

188
Q

• Many clones of naïve B cells can be activated at once by (?)

A

Ti-1 antigens

189
Q

• Can also activate immature B cells and the B cells of
newborn children

A

Ti-1 antigens

190
Q

• Found in many bacterial and viral structures and products

A

Ti-2 antigens

191
Q

• Generally large polymeric proteins or polysaccharides (sometimes lipids or nucleic acids)

A

Ti-2 antigens

192
Q

• Contain many repetitions of a structural element

A

Ti-2 antigens

193
Q

– Acts as a multivalent antigen that can bind with high avidity to mIgM molecules in neighboring BCR
complex on the surface a B cell

A

Ti-2 antigens

194
Q

– BCRs are said to be cross-linked

A

Ti-2 antigens

195
Q

– Cannot activate naïve B cells in the absence of cytokines produced (mainly) by activated T cells

A

Ti-2 antigens

196
Q

• The TCR of a T cell recognizes a complex composed of an MHC molecule bound to a peptide of an antigenic protein

A

Td antigens

197
Q

For a Th effector cell to supply T cell help
to a B cell that has encountered an antigen, the (?) must
also have been activated by a peptide-MHC Class II complex derived from the same antigen

A

original naïve T cell

198
Q

For a Th effector cell to supply T cell help
to a B cell that has encountered an antigen, the original naïve T cell must
also have been activated by a (?) derived from the same antigen

A

peptide-MHC Class II complex

199
Q

Oral p.o. By mouth

A

MALT

200
Q

INTRAVENOUS i.v. Into a blood vessel

A

Spleen

201
Q

INTRAPERITONEAL i.p. Into the peritoneal cavity Spleen

A

Spleen

202
Q

INTRAMUSCULAR i.m. Into a muscle

A

Regional lymph node

203
Q

INTRANASAL i.n. Into the nose

A

MALT

204
Q

SUBCUTANEOUS s.c. Into the fatty hypodermis layer beneath the skin

A

Regional lymph node

205
Q

INTRADERMAL i.d. Into the dermis layer of skin

A

SALT

206
Q

• Potential for antigen processing and
presentation

A

PROPERTIES OF Td ANTIGENS

207
Q

• Produced in the spleen

A

Short-lived plasma cells

208
Q

• Important for the very early stages of
the adaptive response against blood-borne Ti antigens

A

Short-lived plasma cells

209
Q

• Have a half-life of 3 – 5 days

A

Short-lived plasma cells

210
Q

• Secrete only low affinity IgM antibodies

A

Short-lived plasma cells

211
Q

• Spherical or ellipsoidal

A

Long-lived plasma cells

212
Q

• 10 – 20 mm in size

A

Long-lived plasma cells

213
Q

• Presence of abundant cytoplasmic
immunoglobulin

A

Long-lived plasma cells

214
Q

• Nucleus is eccentric or oval with heavily clumped chromatin that stains darkly

A

Long-lived plasma cells

215
Q

• Most fully differentiated lymphocyte

A

Long-lived plasma cells

216
Q

• Not normally found in the blood

A

Long-lived plasma cells

217
Q

• Located in the germinal centers in the peripheral lymphoid organs

A

Long-lived plasma cells

218
Q

• nondividing, after several days of Ab production, they die without further proliferation

A

Long-lived plasma cells

219
Q

• Can secrete IgG, IgA and/or IgE antibodies

A

Long-lived plasma cells

220
Q

• Enlarged rER and Golgi compartments and increased number of ribosomes

A

Long-lived plasma cells

221
Q

• Express little or no CD40, MHC class II or mIg on their cell surfaces

A

Long-lived plasma cells

222
Q

• No longer receive T cell help

A

Long-lived plasma cells

223
Q

• Incapable of cell division

A

Long-lived plasma cells

224
Q

• Produce high affinity Ab

A

Long-lived plasma cells

225
Q

• Migrate from the germinal centers to the bm
also in the lymph node medulla or in the splenic red pulp

A

Long-lived plasma cells

226
Q

• Up to 40% of the total protein synthesized by these mature cells is immunoglobulin

A

Long-lived plasma cells

227
Q

(?) → transcriptional repressor which blocks the plasma cell differentiation pathway

A

Bcl-6

228
Q

• Resemble naïve B cells in their small size
and general morphology but carry
different surface markers and have a longer life span (varies)

A

Memory B cells

229
Q

• Also found in the germinal centers

A

Memory B cells

230
Q

• Represent progeny of antigen-stimulated B cells that are capable of responding to antigen with increased speed and intensity

A

Memory B cells

Immunology and Serology [LEC] (15 decks)

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