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Immunology and Serology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 1 UNIT 2 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 1 UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

•Refers to a substance that reacts with antibody or
sensitized T cells

A

ANTIGEN

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2
Q

•May not be able to evoke an immune response in
the first pla

A

ANTIGEN

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3
Q

•Macromolecules capable of triggering an
adaptive immune response by inducing the
formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells

A

•IMMUNOGENS:

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4
Q

“ALL (?) ARE ANTIGENS, BUT NOT ALL
(?) ARE IMMUNOGENS.”

A

IMMUNOGENSANTIGENS

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5
Q

• Induce detectable specific immune responses

A

IMMUGENECITY

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6
Q

• Results to formation of antibodies (humoral
immune response) and activation of T
lymphocytes (cellular/cell-mediated immune
response)

A

IMMUNOGENICITY

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7
Q

• Ability to react with the specific antibodies or
activated T cells that it induces

A

SPECIFIC REACTIVITY/ ANTIGENICITY

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8
Q

•Partial or incomplete antigen

A

HAPTENS

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9
Q

•Small, chemically defined substances which
are not immunogenic but can react with
antibodies of appropriate specificity

A

HAPTENS

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10
Q

•Usually a small molecule; thus cannot be
immunogenic

A

HAPTENS

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11
Q

•If it is conjugated with protein, it becomes a
bigger molecule, and it becomes
immunogenic

A

HAPTENS

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12
Q

• Immunologically active portions of an antigen
which can react with antibodies and T-cell
antigen receptors (after antigen processing)

A

EPITOPE (ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT)

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13
Q

• Involved with actual binding

A

EPITOPE (ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT)

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14
Q

• Can be linear or conformational

A

EPITOPE (ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT)

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15
Q

→ consist of sequential amino acids on
a single polypeptide chain

A

• Linear

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16
Q

→ result from the folding of a
polypeptide chain/s, and nonsequential amino
acids are brought into close proximity

A

.• Conformational

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17
Q

• Provides bulk or molecular mass to the antigen (Ag)
molecule

A

CARRIER /SCHLEPPER MOLECULE

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18
Q

• May be albumin, globulin or synthetic polypeptide

A

CARRIER /SCHLEPPER MOLECULE

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19
Q

CARRIER /SCHLEPPER MOLECULE SIGNIFICANCE:

A

Adds bulk so it becomes immunogenic
Important in regulation of humoral immune
response to the Ag

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20
Q

HBsAg added with carrier molecule (yeast)
→

A

vaccine

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21
Q

→ recognize the carrier portion

A

• T cells

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22
Q

→ recognize the haptenic portion

A

• B cells

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23
Q

•ANTIGEN MOLECULES MAY BE:

A
  1. Univalent and unideterminant
  2. Multivalent and unideterminant
  3. Multivalent and multideterminant
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24
Q

•Nonself component of the host ; alien to the host

A

FOREIGNESS

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25
Q

•Generally, only foreign substance is immunogenic

A

FOREIGNESS

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26
Q

• Substances that are altered from what is normal
to the host may become immunogenic →

A

autoantigen

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27
Q

Foreigness

• E.g., in cancer cells →

A

production of tumor specific antigen

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28
Q

• Heterogeneity in the building blocks that make up the
antigen

A

CHEMICAL COMPLEXITY

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29
Q

• Chemically complex
• Most immunogenic

A

PROTEINS

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30
Q

• Building blocks are repeating monosaccharide units

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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31
Q

• Weak and partial immunogens

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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32
Q

do not possess sufficient chemical diversity

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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33
Q
  • rapidly degraded
A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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34
Q

•Immunogenic forms of polysaccharides

A
  1. Pure polysaccharides
  2. Lipopolysaccharides
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35
Q
  1. Pure polysaccharides
A

• Pneumococcal capsule

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36
Q
  1. Lipopolysaccharides
A

• Endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria

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37
Q

• Strong immunogens

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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38
Q

• ABO blood group antigens

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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39
Q

•Usually weak immunogens

A

•POLYPEPTIDES

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40
Q

•POLYPEPTIDES examples

A

hormones: insulin and growth hormone

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41
Q

•in the form of DNA and RNA

A

•NUCLEIC ACIDS

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42
Q

•Usually not immunogenic, unless coupled to a
protein

A

•NUCLEIC ACIDS

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43
Q

•In some autoimmune disorders like SLE, tjese are are immunogenic (anti-ds-DNA are formed)

A

•NUCLEIC ACIDS

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44
Q

•Include triglycerides and other fatty substances

A

LIPIDS

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45
Q

•Not immunogenic unless coupled to proteins

A

LIPIDS

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46
Q

• E.g., cardiolipin used in the RPR tes

A

LIPIDS

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47
Q

• The larger the molecule the better immunogen

A

HIGH MOLECULAR MASS/ SIZE

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48
Q

• Molecules less than 1 kD →

A

non immunogenic

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49
Q

• Molecules > 1 kD but <6kD →

A

weakly
immunogenic

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50
Q

• Molecules > 10kD →

A

more immunogenic

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51
Q

•Reasons why size/mass is important in
immunogenicity:

A

•Number of epitopes increases proportionately
with size
• Large size of molecules become easily phagocytosed and processed by macrophages to become more attractive to T cells

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52
Q

Tertiary conformational structure of the protein molecule

A

SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF DETERMINANT GROUPS

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53
Q

•Must be exposed and accessible to the receptors of immunoglobulins or the T cell receptors (TCRs)

A

SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF DETERMINANT GROUPS

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54
Q

•Must be exposed and accessible to the receptors of immunoglobulins or the T cell receptors (TCRs)
→

A

so the antigen can be bound

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55
Q

•Hidden (internally located) determinant groups
→

A

NOT REACTED UPON

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56
Q

• Maintenance of the conformational structure of the protein antigen

57
Q

• Loss/alteration/ denaturation of conformational structure leads to

A

loss of reactivity

58
Q

• Physical state of the antigen molecule

A

INSOLUBILITY

59
Q

• Ag must be (?) to be immunogenic

A

particulate and insoluble

60
Q

•Intermolecular cross-linking, aggregation due to heat, attachment of hapten to

A

insoluble carrier substance

61
Q

•Antigen is taken up and processed by
macrophage

A

ABILITY TO BE PROCESSED AND PRESENTED WITH
MHC MOLECULES

62
Q

•Immunogenic components are coupled to

A

MHC Class II molecules

63
Q

•Ag is then presented at the surface of the (?), to be recognized by the

A

macrophage
lymphocytes

64
Q

• Substances mixed with antigen before injection

65
Q

•MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ADJUVANTS

A
  1. Increased phagocytic uptake and local delayed release of antigen
  2. Delayed destruction and elimination of antigen
  3. Lengthened contact of antigen with immunocompetent cells
  4. Local granuloma formation → migration of leukocytes;increased number of leukocytes involved
66
Q

PROPERTIES OF ANTIGEN

A
  1. IMMUNOGENICITY
  2. SPECIFIC REACTIVITY/ ANTIGENICITY
67
Q

PARTS OF THE ANTIGEN

A
  1. EPITOPE (ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT)
  2. CARRIER /SCHLEPPER MOLECULE
68
Q

PROPERTIES/PREREQUISITES FOR
IMMUNOGENICITY

A
  1. FOREIGNESS
  2. CHEMICAL COMPLEXITY
  3. HIGH MOLECULAR MASS/ SIZE
  4. SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF DETERMINANT GROUPS
  5. RIGIDITY
  6. INSOLUBILITY
  7. ABILITY TO BE PROCESSED AND PRESENTED WITH MHC MOLECULE
69
Q

Biochemical cpds

A

• PROTEINS
• POLYSACCHARIDES
• GLYCOPROTEINS
•POLYPEPTIDES
•NUCLEIC ACIDS
• LIPIDS

70
Q

EXAMPLES OF ADJUVANTS:

A

•Alum precipitate
• Squalene
• Freund’s adjuvant

71
Q

• Suspension of aluminum hydroxide mixed with antigen

A

•Alum precipitate

72
Q

•A long hydrocarbon molecule present in human sebaceous gland secretions and shark liver oil

A

• Squalene

73
Q

→ water in oil emulsion and killed M. tuberculosis
→ without M. tuberculosis

A

• Freund’s adjuvant

•Complete
•Incomplete

74
Q

ANTIGENS

A

• Monoclonal activators
• T-dependent antigens
• T-independent antigens

75
Q

• Activates B cells in the absence of T cells

A

• T-independent antigens

76
Q

• Activates B cells only in the presence of T cells and the proteins they secrete (cytokines)

A

• T-dependent antigens

77
Q

• E.g., proteins

A

• T-dependent antigens

78
Q

• E.g., polysaccharides

A

• T-independent antigens

79
Q

•Molecules that are typically derived from bacteria

A

SUPERANTIGENS

80
Q

•Oligoclonal activators

A

SUPERANTIGENS

81
Q

•Activate only a subset of T cells, and not all T cells

A

•Oligoclonal activators

82
Q

• Polyclonal activators

83
Q

• Typically plant proteins that bind to molecules present on virtually all T cells and/ or B cells

84
Q

• →
• T cells

A

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) & Concanavalin A

85
Q

• (?)→ B cells

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

86
Q

• (?) → both B and T cells

A

Pokeweed mitogen

87
Q

ACTIVATORS OF LYMPHOCYTES

A
  1. ANTIGENS
  2. SUPERANTIGENS
  3. MITOGENS
88
Q

A. According to its relation to the host

A
  1. Autologous
  2. Syngeneic
  3. Allogeneic or homologous ; Isoantigen/alloantigen
  4. Xenogeneic /heterologous
    * Heterogenetic/heterophil
89
Q

•ACCORDING TO PRESENCE IN THE HOST

A
  1. Sequestered antigen
  2. Tissue-type antigens
  3. Tissue-specific antigens
  4. Blood group antigen
90
Q

•ACCORDING TO ITS ABILITY TO STIMULATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

A
  1. Thymus-dependent antigen
  2. Thymus-independent antigen
91
Q

ACCORDING TO THEIR SEROLOGIC
BEHAVIOR

A
  1. Agglutinogen
    • Hemagglutinogen
  2. Precipitinogen
92
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIGENS

A

A. According to its relation to the host
•ACCORDING TO PRESENCE IN THE HOST
•ACCORDING TO ITS ABILITY TO STIMULATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
• ACCORDING TO THEIR SEROLOGIC BEHAVIOR

93
Q

EXAMPLES OF GOOD IMMUNOGENS
USED AS VACCINES

A
  1. Killed organisms
  2. Attenuated or altered bacteria
  3. Detoxified toxins
  4. Artificially assembled microbial components
94
Q

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS OF A HOST AGAINST AN ANTIGEN

A
  1. Dosage of the antigen
  2. Frequency of encounter with the antigen
  3. Route of introduction into the host
  4. Age and gender of the host
  5. Genetic endowment
  6. Underlying disease; medication
95
Q

Oil in water emulsion

A

Incomplete Freud’s Adjuvant

96
Q

Oil in water emulsion with dead mycobacteria

A

Complete Freud’s Adjuvant

97
Q

Oil in water emulsion with muramyl dipeptide, a constituent of bacteria

A

Freud’s Adjuvant with MDP

98
Q

Aluminum hydroxide gel

A

Alum (aluminum hydroxide)

99
Q

Aluminum hydroxide gel with killed B. pertussis

A

Alum plus B. pertussis

100
Q

Matrix of Quil A containing viral proteins

A

Immune Stimulatory Complexes

101
Q

Delayed release of antigen: enhanced uptake by macrophages

A

Alum (aluminum hydroxide)
Incomplete Freud’s Adjuvant

102
Q

Delayed release of antigen: enhanced uptake by macrophages with induction of co-stimulators in macrophages

A

Complete Freud’s Adjuvant
Freud’s Adjuvant with MDP
Alum plus Bordetella pertussis

103
Q

Delivers antigen to cytosol: allows induction of CTLs

A

Immune Stimulatory Complexes

104
Q

Source of Con A

A

Jack beans

105
Q

Tetramer

106
Q

Ligan of Con A

A

A-D-mannose & A-D-Glucose

107
Q

Target cells are T cells

108
Q

Target cells: T cells and B cells

109
Q

Ligand of PHA:

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

110
Q

Ligand of PWM

A

Di-N-acetylchitobiose

111
Q

Polymeric

112
Q

Source of PWM

113
Q

Source of PHA

A

Kidney beans

114
Q

Structural Property of Thymus-dependent

115
Q

Structural Property of Thymus-independent

116
Q

Chemistry of Thymus-dependent

A

Proteins; protein-nucleoprotein conjugates; glycoprotein; lipoproteins

117
Q

Chemistry of Thymus-independent

A

Polysaccharide of pneumococcus: dextran polyvinyl pyrolidone; bacterial lipopolysaccharide

118
Q

Antibody class induced by Thymus-dependent

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, (+IgD and IgE)

119
Q

Antibody class induced by Thymus-independent

120
Q

Immunological memory response

A

Thymus-dependent

121
Q

FREE PASS FOR HIGH SCORE

122
Q

Presence in most pathogenic microbes

A

Thymus-dependent

123
Q

Antibody-generating

124
Q

Trigger immune response

A

Immunogens

125
Q

Coined haptens

A

Landsteiner

126
Q

Antogens can be classified depending on their

127
Q

Immune tolerance =/ Autoimmune Disease

128
Q

Cancer cells = tumor-specific antigen

129
Q

Most popular autoantibody

A

Anti-DS-DNA

130
Q

Director of IS; Restrictsled to MHC Class II

131
Q

Restricted MHC Class II

132
Q

Auto

133
Q

Found in organs

A

Tissue specific AG

134
Q

Foubd in tissues

A

Tissue type AG

135
Q

Agglutinogen solubility

136
Q

Precipitinogen; Agglutinin solubility

137
Q

Repeated administrations or booster

A

Route of introduction to the host

138
Q

Lymphocyte population

A

MALT
Spleen
Respiratory
Skin

Immunology and Serology [LEC] (15 decks)

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