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Immunology and Serology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 1 UNIT 4 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 1 UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

•Includes more than 30 soluble and cell-bound proteins

A

COMPLEMENT

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2
Q

•Normally circulate in an inactive precursor form

A

COMPLEMENT

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3
Q

•Develop proteolytic activity upon activation

A

COMPLEMENT

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4
Q

•Can be induced to carry out a cascade of enzymatic
reactions

A

COMPLEMENT

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5
Q

•formation of certain opsonins & inflammatory
mediators

A

COMPLEMENT

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6
Q

About (?)% of plasma complement components are synthesized in the liver and are acute phase proteins with the exception of C1q, factor D, properdin, and C7.

A

90%

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7
Q

About 90% of plasma complement components are synthesized in the (?) and are acute phase proteins with the exception of C1q, factor D, properdin, and C7.

A

liver

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8
Q

→ epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, and fibroblasts.

A

C1q

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9
Q

→ adipocyte

A

Factor D

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10
Q

→ synthesized mainly by monocytes and
macrophages, with some synthesis occurring in lymphocytes and granulocytes.

A

Properdin

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11
Q

Most (?) also appears to originate from monocytes and macrophages, although neutrophils were shown to store C7.

A

plasma C7

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12
Q

have the ability to synthesize all components of the classical and alternative pathways.

A

Monocytes, macrophages, cells of the synovial tissues, and astrocytes

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13
Q

4 FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENT

A
  1. Lysis of cells, bacteria and viruses
  2. Opsonization
  3. Binding to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, triggering specific cell functions
  4. Immune clearance
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14
Q

• Promote phagocytosis of particulate antigens

A

Opsonization

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15
Q

Binding to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, triggering specific cell functions:

A

•inflammation
•secretion of immunoregulatory molecules

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16
Q

•removes immune complexes from the circulation and deposits them in the spleen and liver

A

Immune clearance

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17
Q

•Nine (9) proteins of the classical pathway

A

Designated by the upper-case letter C followed by a number

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18
Q

•Designated by the upper-case letter C followed by a number

A

Nine (9) proteins of the classical pathway

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19
Q

•Designated by the upper-case letter (?) followed by a number

A

C

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20
Q

Molecules comprising the C1 complex

A

C1q, C1r,
C1s

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21
Q

Alternative pathway proteins

A

→ factors and referred to by an upper-case letter ( Factor B , Factor D)

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22
Q

Fragments of complement proteins

A

Lower case letter ( C4a, C4b)

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23
Q

NOMENCLATURE
•Smaller fragment

A

a

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24
Q

NOMENCLATURE
Larger fragment

A

b

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25
Q

NOMENCLATURE
Exception is

A

C2

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26
Q

Further degradation fragments of the large complement fragment of one component are designated by (?)

A

ted by lower case letters (e.g., C3c,
C3d)

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27
Q

Components that have lost activity are
designated with a (?)

A

lower case i (e.g., iC3b, iC4b)

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28
Q

Single components or multicomponent complexes that have enzymatic activity
•Designated by a (?)

A

bar over the component/s

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29
Q

Proteins of the recently described Mannose-Binding lectin pathway
•Designated by (?)

A

abbreviations of the proteins’ names (e.g., MBL, MASP)

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30
Q

3 PATHWAYS

A
  1. CLASSICAL PATHWAY
  2. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
  3. MANNAN-BINDING LECTIN PATHWAY
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31
Q

Mechanism of humoral immunity

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

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32
Q

Initiation: antigen – antibody complex

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

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33
Q

• 1 IgM molecule on an antigenic surface
2 IgG adjacent molecules that have bound antigen

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

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34
Q

• 2 IgG adjacent molecules that have bound antigen

A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

(IgG3> IgG1>IgG2)

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35
Q

Effector mechanism of innate immunity

A

ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

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36
Q

Also an effector mechanism of innate
immunity

A

MANNAN-BINDING LECTIN PATHWAY

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37
Q

Give all Non immunologic classic pathway activators

A

• C-reactive protein
• Serum amyloid P component
• b-amyloid
• Some gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains of low virulence)
• Mycoplasma
• Protozoa
• Intracellular components (DNA,mitochondrial components, cytoskeletal filaments)
• Other structures (surface of urate crystals, myelin basic protein,
bacterial endotoxin, polyanions like heparin, lipid A, cardiolipin,
dextran sulfate, chondroitin sulfate)

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38
Q

Give all Activators of alternative pathway

A

•Gram-negative endotoxins or bacterial products (dextrans, levans)
•Complex microbial and plant polysaccharides (e.g., zymosan, inulin)
•Human rbc stroma
• Some virus-infected cells (e.g., EBV)
•Aggregated human IgA
• Trypanosomes, Leishmania, many fungi
•Rabbit rbcs, aggregated F(ab’)2
fragments of guinea pig IgG1

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39
Q

Carbohydrates expressed on the surface of
microorganisms

A

Activators of MBL pathway

40
Q

Activators of MBL pathway
•In order of importance:

A
  1. Mannose
  2. N-acetylglucosamine
  3. L-fucose
  4. N-acetylmannosamine
  5. Glucose
41
Q

activated by certain isotypes of antibodies bound to antigens

A

Classical Pathway

42
Q

activated on microbial cell surfaces in the absence of antibody

A

Alternative Pathway

43
Q

activated by mannose-binding protein that binds to surface carbohydrates on microbes

A

Mannose-Binding Lectin Pathway

44
Q

Give all CONTROL AND REGULATION OF
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION

A

• Limit overly widespread inflammation
• Avoid excessive activation
• Protect host cells from inadvertent injury

45
Q

Give all FLUID PHASE REGULATORS

A
  1. C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)
  2. Factor J
  3. Human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1)
  4. Factor I
  5. Factor H
  6. C4-binding protein (C4bp)
  7. S-protein/ vitronectin
  8. Clusterin/ SP-40/ Apolipoprotein J
46
Q

Serine protease inhibitor (serpin)

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

47
Q

Dissociates the activated C1 complex

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

48
Q

Binds C1r and C1s subunits

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

49
Q

In vitro, it inactivates the mannan-binding lectin associated serine proteases (MASPs)

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

50
Q

Hereditary Angioedema
(Hereditary angioneurotic edema)

A

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)

51
Q

Inhibits C1 complex formation

52
Q

Inhibits cleavage of C3 by Factor B

53
Q

Defensin

A

Human Neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1)

54
Q

May inhibit C1 at sites of inflammation by binding C1q in the fluid phase

A

Human Neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1)

55
Q

Blocks classical pathway-mediated complement activation

A

Human Neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1)

56
Q

Give all 8 FLUID PHASE REGULATORS

A
  1. C1 inhibitor (C1 INH)
  2. Factor J
  3. Human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1)
  4. Factor I
  5. Factor H
  6. C4-binding protein (C4bp)
  7. S-protein/ vitronectin
  8. Clusterin/ SP-40/ Apolipoprotein J
57
Q

C3b/C4b inactivator

58
Q

Acts enzymatically on C3b leading to iC3b

59
Q

Cleaves C3b and C4b

60
Q

Factor I
Cofactors:

A

Factor H, MCP, C4BP, CR1

61
Q

Acts as cofactor to Factor I

62
Q

Binds C3b

63
Q

Binds C4

A

C4-Binding protein (C4BP)

64
Q

Mediates decay of classical pathway C3 convertase

A

C4-Binding protein (C4BP)

65
Q

Binds C5b67 complex

A

S-protein/ vitronectin

66
Q

Prevents insertion in the cell membrane

A

S-protein/ vitronectin

67
Q

Primary MAC inhibitor
/maidafatim

A

S-protein/ vitronectin

68
Q

Same as vitronectin

A

Clusterin/ SP-40/ Apolipoprotein J

69
Q

Regulates the MAC at the C5b67 and C9 levels

A

Clusterin/ SP-40/ Apolipoprotein J

70
Q

Give all 5 CELL-ASSOCIATED REGULATORY
PROTEINS

A
  1. Complement receptor type 1 (CR1)/ CD35
  2. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) / CD46
  3. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) / CD55
  4. Homologous restriction factor (HRF) / C8-
    binding protein (C8bp)
  5. CD59 (Protectin, HRF-20, Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), P-18
71
Q

Cofactor for Factor I-mediated cleavage

A

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1)/ CD 35

72
Q

Binds activated C4b and C3b

A

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1)/ CD 35

73
Q

Promotes further cleavage of iC3b by
Factor I into C3dg

A

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1)/ CD 35

74
Q

Aids in transport of immune complexes that bear C3b to sites of degradation in Kupffer’s cells in the liver

A

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1)/ CD 35

75
Q

Cofactor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C4b and C3b into C4c and C4d and iC3b

A

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) / CD46

76
Q

Unable to promote further cleavage of iC3b

A

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) / CD46

77
Q

Expressed by almost every cell, except rbcs

A

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) / CD46

78
Q

Accelerates decay of classical and alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases

A

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) / CD55

79
Q

Dissociates C2a and Bb of C3 convertases

A

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) / CD55

80
Q

binds C8

A

Homologous restriction factor (HRF)

81
Q

binds both C8 and C9

82
Q

AF, HRF & CD59 are absent from cells in (?)

83
Q

4 BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES OF
COMPLEMENT

A

• Kinin production
•Opsonins
• Anaphylatoxins
• Chemotactic Factors

84
Q

• C2b

A

Kinin production

85
Q

• C3b and C4b in the surface of microorganisms attach to C-receptor (CR1) on phagocytic cells and promote phagocytosis

86
Q

• C4a, C3a and C5a (in increasing order of activity)

A

Anaphylatoxins

87
Q

C5a and C5b67

A

Chemotactic Factors

88
Q

(?) is also a potent activator of neutrophils, basophils and macrophages and causes induction of adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells

89
Q

Degradation products of (?) also bind to different cells by distinct receptors and modulate their functions

A

C3 (iC3b, C3d and C3e)

90
Q

Opsonization

91
Q

Cell lysis

92
Q

Clearance of immune complexes

93
Q

B cell activation

94
Q

Mast cell degranulation

95
Q

Chemotaxis

Immunology and Serology [LEC] (15 decks)

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