Module 1 Unit 2 Flashcards
are related but distinct immunologic properties that sometimes are confused.
Immunogenicity and antigenicity
is the ability to induce a detectable immune response.
Immunogenicity
The immune response may be [?] which leads to production of antibodies or cellular leading to the activation of T cells, or both.
humoral
is the ability to combine specifically with the final products of the above responses (i.e., antibodies and/or cell-surface receptors of activated T cells). Although all molecules that have the property of immunogenicity also have the property of antigenicity, the reverse is not true.
Antigenicity or specific reactivity
Low molecular weight substances are [?].
nonimmunogenic
Nonimmunogenics are often referred to as partial or incomplete antigens or [?].
haptens
commonly contains only a single determinant site which prevents them from forming crosslinks.
Haptens
These antigenic molecules may be made immunogenic when it becomes conjugated with larger carrier or indicator molecules like [?]
proteins, cells or latex particles.
There are two basic components of the antigen: the [?] and the [?].
epitope and the carrier molecule
The [?] is otherwise known as the antigenic determinant, antigenic site, reactive site or haptenic portion.
epitope
This is the immunologically active portion of an antigen which can react with antibodies and T cell receptors.
epitope
Epitopes can either be [?] and [?] in form.
linear or conformational
[?] consist of sequential amino acids on a single polypeptide chain.
Linear epitopes
[?] from the folding of a polypeptide chain/s and nonsequential amino acids are brought into close proximity.
Conformation results
The linear conformation is commonly associated with [?] while the conformation is commonly associated with [?].
surface antibody recognitioin
T cell recognitioin
refers to the structural element of immunogen that interacts with T and B lymphocytes.
Immunogenic determinant
The immunogen must possess at least 2 determinants to be able to stimulate antibody formation or 1 determinant to be able to interact and trigger a [?].
T cell response
The number of distinct determinants on an antigen molecule usually varies with its
size and chemical complexity.
The carrier component of the antigen is also called the [?], It provides bulk or molecular mass to the antigen molecule. It is also important in the regulation of humoral immune response to the antigen. T cells commonly recognize this portion.
Schelepper molecule
B cells recognize the [?].
haptenic portion
The [?] may have its own set of integral epitopes as presented by antigen presenting cells.
schlepper molecule
Examples of carriers are
albumin, globulin or other synthetic polypeptide
Antigen molecules may be
a) univalent and unideterminant (?
(b) multivalent and unideterminant (?)
(c) multivalent and multideterminant (?)
- one epitope of one design or shape
- many epitopes but of only one design
- many epitopes of different designs or shape
The immune system discriminates between [?], so that only molecules that are foreign to the self are normally immunogenic.
“self” and “nonself”
The capacity to recognize nonself is accompanied by [?], a specific unresponsiveness to self-antigens.
tolerance of self
Much of the ability to tolerate self-antigens arises during [?], during which immature lymphocytes are exposed to self components.
lymphocyte development
Antigens that have not been exposed to immature lymphocytes during this critical period may be later recognized as [?], or foreign, by the immune system.
nonself
The greater the [?], the higher the [?] thus the more immunogenic.
phylogenetic distance
structural disparity
Some macromolecules (e.g., collagen and cytochrome c) have been highly conserved throughout evolution thus there is little [?] even across diverse species lines.
immunogenicity
