Module 1 Unit 1 Flashcards
a young branch of medical science which was originally studied as part of Microbiology
immunology and serology
is a science that studies the structure and functioning of the immune system including the mechanism by which it helps protect the body from agents of diseases
Immunology
deals with the diagnostic identification of antigens and antibodies in the serum
Serology
This is an “in vitro” study of antigen- antibody reactions.
Serology
The word “immunity” is from the latin word [?] which meant exempt from charges (commonly used in relation with taxes or expenses)
“immunis”
It means the state of protection from infectious diseases.
immunity
This is realized through the function of the immune system which is referred to as immune response.
immunity
When we talk about the immune system, this is composed of [?] (e.g. bonemarrow), [?] (e.g. lymphocytes) and [?] circulating in the blood (e.g. complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign or non-self-substances.
- structures
- cells
- soluble components
The collective and coordinated response which results is called the
immune response.
is a molecule that reacts with an antibody though it may not necessarily induce antibody production.
antigen
When an antigen does induce an immune reaction in a host, this is more aptly referred to as an
immunogen
is a functional immunoglobulin produced in response to immunogenic stimulation.
antibody
The discipline of immunolgy grew out of the observation that individuals who had recovered from certain infectious diseases were thereafter protected from the disease. It lead to the need to understand and to intervene in the states of diseases.
Ancient Period
Perhaps the earliest written reference to the phenomenon of immunity can be traced back to [?], the great historian of Peloponnesian war .
Thucydides
In 430 BC, when he was describing the plague of Athens, he wrote that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contract the disease for the second time.
Thucydides
Although in those times the pathogen involved was yet unknown.
430 BC
The first attempts to induce immunity deliberately were performed by the [?] in the fifteenth century.
Chinese and Turks
The dried crusts from [?] were either inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into small cuts in the skin, a technique which was referred to as variolation.
smallpox (variola) pustules
Others purposely seek contact with diseased individuals. For the turks, this practice was commonly done for
preserving beauty.
In 1700’s, [?] of Turkey who was the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the techniques performed in her own children.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
She was responsible for bringing the Chinese technique to Western Europe.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Another practice which was common during the ancient period of immunology history is the practice of [?].
Mithridatism
Mithridatism was practiced by the ancient greek king of Pontus, [?], who inorder to protect himself against the effect of poison administered to himself small amounts of poisonous substance on multiple occasions.
Mithridates VI
While in some parts of central Africa, a mixture of [?] were used as a treatment or protection against snakebites.
snake heads and ant eggs
Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.
formol
Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.
formol
While variolation was successful for inducing immunity in some individuals, [?] was dangerous since it may result to clinical infection or death.
inoculation with unmodified smallpox virus
The concepts of contagion and the germ theory of diseases are attributed to
Girolamo Fracastoro.
refers to an infection that passes from one thing to another.
“Contagion”
The infection seen in the carrier and the recipient of the contagion is similar, which according to him is caused by
small imperceptible particles.
The concept of the contagion was then extended to a study of immunity produced by a host through the works of
Edward Jenner.
Jenner was intrigued by the fact that milkmaids who had contracted the mild disease, cowpox, were subsequently immune to [?], which is a disfiguring and often fatal disease.
smallpox
Jenner reasoned that introducing [?] into people (i.e., inoculating them through the practice of variolation) might protect them from smallpox.
fluid from a cowpox pustule
To test this idea, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy (?) with fluid from a cowpox pustule from a milk maid (Sarah Nelms) and later intentionally infected the child with smallpox.
James Phipps
As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox. In this manner, Jenner began the science of [?], the study of the body’s response to foreign substances. His works earned him the title of being the father of immunology.
immunolgy
is another prominent scientist given the distinction as the father of bacteriology and first experimental immunologist.
Louis Pasteur
He applied the scientific approach in his study of the immunlogic phenomena.
Louis Pasteur
He was responsible for introducing the term “vaccine” (from the latin word “vacca” meaning cow) in honor of Edward Jenner.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur extended the term vaccination to denote conferring immunity by injecting [?] of organisms.
attenuated (weakened) strains
Pasteur initial observation was that of a culture of [?], the causative agent for chicken cholera.
Pasteurella aviseptica
A culture was left in the laboratory during vacation and has lost its virulence. However, animals inoculated with the weakened strain developed immunity against the virulent strain. He validated this finding when he further studied vaccination against [?] using an attenuated form and was able to produce the same immmunity against the disease. Studies of mechanisms of the protective effects of vaccines by other scientists continued on.
anthrax
The primary proponent in the study of cellular immunology is [?], a Russian zoologist.
Elie Metchnikoff
He studied the role of motile cells of a transparent starfish larva in protection against foreign intruders.
Elie Metchnikoff,
He introduced a thorn into the larva and noted after a few hours that it was surrounded by motile cells.
Elie Metchnikoff,
Elie Metchnikoff, continued to further investigate this phenomenon and was able to observe the engulfment of [?] by leukocytes from animals and humans.
fungal spores and other bacteria
Metchnikoff noted that the engulfment of microorganisms by leukocytes, which he referred to as [?], is greatly enhanced in animals recovering from an infection or after vaccination with a preparation of these microorganisms.
phagocytosis
Metchnikoff advanced the idea that immunity was primarily due to the phagocytic activity of
white blood cells.
According to Metchnikoff, 2 types of circulating cells are capable of phagocytosis – [?] and [?], as well as certain fixed cells. He called these cells “phagocytes”.
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages
Methcnikoff’s cellular immunity theory provoked an intense controversy with the advocates of [?]. These advocates have observed in their studies immunity in the absence or without the participation of cells.
humoral immunity
was the first to observe the direct action of an immune serum on microbes during the course of his studies on anthrax bacilli.
Fodor ( 1886)
demonstrated the neutralizing antitoxic activity of sera from animals immunized with diphtheria and tetanus toxin, which was considered as the first proof of humoral immunity.
Von Behring and Kitasato
Other scientists like [?] had contributed additional studies supporting the theory of humoral immunity.
Calmette, Pfeiffer and Isaeff and Jules Bordet
[?] was an attempt to harmonize the two views of immunity.
Ehrlich’s side chain theory
According to Ehrlich, cells possess in their surfaces a wide variety of side chains called
antigen receptors
Ehrlich proposed that binding of antigen to the side chains provoked new synthesis of these side chains, which were liberated into serum as
antibodies
also reported that antibodies could aid in the process of phagocytosis, thus effectively settling the controversy over cellular versus humoral immunity.
Sir Almoth Wright
Sir Almoth Wright He referred to these antibodies as
opsonins
Blood group antigens and their corresponding agglutinins were discovered by [?] who is the father of immunohematology.
Landsteiner
His works led to the ability to give blood transfusions without provoking reactions.
Landsteiner
Landsteiner developed the concept of antigenic determinant and demonstrated the specificity of antibodies for chemically defined [?], a term he applied to simple chemicals that could bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot stimulate antibody formation.
haptens
In 1901, [?] introduced the complement fixation test, which became a standard diagnostic test in the hospital laboratory. Additional studies were made to further characterize antibodies and antigens and how they interact with each other.
Bordet and Gengou
From this point on, immunology further fluorished into researches concerning hypersensitivities, immune tolerance, vaccine development, molecular immunology and transplantation immunology.
after 1901
Immunology began as the study of our response to [?]. Over the years, it has become progressively more basic yet more encompassing of many other fields. It has provided an excellent mix of fundamental and applied science.
infection
New branches of immunology has emerged over the years which includes
immunopathology, immunogenetics, tumor immunology, transplantation immunology, immunologic disorders and immunochemistry
deals with the study of immune responses associated with diseases. New therapeutic approaches has been derived as a result of this science.
Immunopathology
covers the analysis of amino acid sequences in immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, genetic markers of immunoglobulins and absence of response to certain antigens in certain strain of animals.
Immunogenetics
This has enlightened us about the transmission of genetic information and its effect to our immunity.
Immunogenetics
centers on the study of the relationship between our immune function and tumor cells. This increases our understanding of the interplay between the two and thus allow us to come up with effective forms of immunotherapy of cancers.
Tumor immunology
is concerned on the study of immune responses occuring during transplantation of organs. Normally, the recipient’s immune system rejects it since it is not from itself or it is foreign.
Transplantation immunology
This branch of immunology helps us to understand how we could significantly decrease, if not totally eliminate the possibility of organ rejection by recipients through the development of
immunosuppresive agents
The study of immunologic disorders is an emerging separate discipline concerned with [?] and methods of [?] for these disorders.
- immunodeficiency
- immunotherapy
involves the study of the properties, functions, production and interaction of the chemical components (like antibodies and antigens) of the immune system.
immunochemistry
It is commonly applied in the analysis of components of various human and animal tumors and leukemic cells.
immunochemistry
- Inoculation with dried crusts of smallpox pustules
C. Variolation
- Inoculation with little amounts of snake venom on multiple instances
A. Mithridatism
- Father of Immunology
D. Edward Jenner
- He developed the first cellular theory
I. E. Mechnikov
- He is known for the “Side Chain Receptor Theory”
E. Paul Ehrlich
- Introduced Complement Fixation Test
B. Bordet and Gengou
- Known as the first experimental immunologist
H. Louis pasteur
