Module 1 Unit 1

Question 1

a young branch of medical science which was originally studied as part of Microbiology

Answer 1

immunology and serology

Question 2

is a science that studies the structure and functioning of the immune system including the mechanism by which it helps protect the body from agents of diseases

Answer 2

Immunology

Question 3

deals with the diagnostic identification of antigens and antibodies in the serum

Answer 3

Serology

Question 4

This is an “in vitro” study of antigen- antibody reactions.

Answer 4

Serology

Question 5

The word “immunity” is from the latin word [?] which meant exempt from charges (commonly used in relation with taxes or expenses)

Answer 5

“immunis”

Question 6

It means the state of protection from infectious diseases.

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immunity

Question 7

This is realized through the function of the immune system which is referred to as immune response.

Answer 7

immunity

Question 8

When we talk about the immune system, this is composed of [?] (e.g. bonemarrow), [?] (e.g. lymphocytes) and [?] circulating in the blood (e.g. complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign or non-self-substances.

Answer 8

• structures
• cells
• soluble components

Question 9

The collective and coordinated response which results is called the

Answer 9

immune response.

Question 10

is a molecule that reacts with an antibody though it may not necessarily induce antibody production.

Answer 10

antigen

Question 11

When an antigen does induce an immune reaction in a host, this is more aptly referred to as an

Answer 11

immunogen

Question 12

is a functional immunoglobulin produced in response to immunogenic stimulation.

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antibody

Question 13

The discipline of immunolgy grew out of the observation that individuals who had recovered from certain infectious diseases were thereafter protected from the disease. It lead to the need to understand and to intervene in the states of diseases.

Answer 13

Ancient Period

Question 14

Perhaps the earliest written reference to the phenomenon of immunity can be traced back to [?], the great historian of Peloponnesian war .

Answer 14

Thucydides

Question 15

In 430 BC, when he was describing the plague of Athens, he wrote that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contract the disease for the second time.

Answer 15

Thucydides

Question 16

Although in those times the pathogen involved was yet unknown.

Answer 16

430 BC

Question 17

The first attempts to induce immunity deliberately were performed by the [?] in the fifteenth century.

Answer 17

Chinese and Turks

Question 18

The dried crusts from [?] were either inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into small cuts in the skin, a technique which was referred to as variolation.

Answer 18

smallpox (variola) pustules

Question 19

Others purposely seek contact with diseased individuals. For the turks, this practice was commonly done for

Answer 19

preserving beauty.

Question 20

In 1700’s, [?] of Turkey who was the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the techniques performed in her own children.

Answer 20

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Question 21

She was responsible for bringing the Chinese technique to Western Europe.

Answer 21

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Question 22

Another practice which was common during the ancient period of immunology history is the practice of [?].

Answer 22

Mithridatism

Question 23

Mithridatism was practiced by the ancient greek king of Pontus, [?], who inorder to protect himself against the effect of poison administered to himself small amounts of poisonous substance on multiple occasions.

Answer 23

Mithridates VI

Question 24

While in some parts of central Africa, a mixture of [?] were used as a treatment or protection against snakebites.

Answer 24

snake heads and ant eggs

Question 25

Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.

Answer 25

formol

Question 25

Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.

Answer 25

formol

Question 26

While variolation was successful for inducing immunity in some individuals, [?] was dangerous since it may result to clinical infection or death.

Answer 26

inoculation with unmodified smallpox virus

Question 27

The concepts of contagion and the germ theory of diseases are attributed to

Answer 27

Girolamo Fracastoro.

Question 28

refers to an infection that passes from one thing to another.

Answer 28

“Contagion”

Question 29

The infection seen in the carrier and the recipient of the contagion is similar, which according to him is caused by

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small imperceptible particles.

Question 30

The concept of the contagion was then extended to a study of immunity produced by a host through the works of

Answer 30

Edward Jenner.

Question 31

Jenner was intrigued by the fact that milkmaids who had contracted the mild disease, cowpox, were subsequently immune to [?], which is a disfiguring and often fatal disease.

Answer 31

smallpox

Question 32

Jenner reasoned that introducing [?] into people (i.e., inoculating them through the practice of variolation) might protect them from smallpox.

Answer 32

fluid from a cowpox pustule

Question 33

To test this idea, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy (?) with fluid from a cowpox pustule from a milk maid (Sarah Nelms) and later intentionally infected the child with smallpox.

Answer 33

James Phipps

Question 34

As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox. In this manner, Jenner began the science of [?], the study of the body’s response to foreign substances. His works earned him the title of being the father of immunology.

Answer 34

immunolgy

Question 35

is another prominent scientist given the distinction as the father of bacteriology and first experimental immunologist.

Answer 35

Louis Pasteur

Question 36

He applied the scientific approach in his study of the immunlogic phenomena.

Answer 36

Louis Pasteur

Question 37

He was responsible for introducing the term “vaccine” (from the latin word “vacca” meaning cow) in honor of Edward Jenner.

Answer 37

Louis Pasteur

Question 38

Louis Pasteur extended the term vaccination to denote conferring immunity by injecting [?] of organisms.

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attenuated (weakened) strains

Question 39

Pasteur initial observation was that of a culture of [?], the causative agent for chicken cholera.

Answer 39

Pasteurella aviseptica

Question 40

A culture was left in the laboratory during vacation and has lost its virulence. However, animals inoculated with the weakened strain developed immunity against the virulent strain. He validated this finding when he further studied vaccination against [?] using an attenuated form and was able to produce the same immmunity against the disease. Studies of mechanisms of the protective effects of vaccines by other scientists continued on.

Answer 40

anthrax

Question 41

The primary proponent in the study of cellular immunology is [?], a Russian zoologist.

Answer 41

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 42

He studied the role of motile cells of a transparent starfish larva in protection against foreign intruders.

Answer 42

Elie Metchnikoff,

Question 43

He introduced a thorn into the larva and noted after a few hours that it was surrounded by motile cells.

Answer 43

Elie Metchnikoff,

Question 44

Elie Metchnikoff, continued to further investigate this phenomenon and was able to observe the engulfment of [?] by leukocytes from animals and humans.

Answer 44

fungal spores and other bacteria

Question 45

Metchnikoff noted that the engulfment of microorganisms by leukocytes, which he referred to as [?], is greatly enhanced in animals recovering from an infection or after vaccination with a preparation of these microorganisms.

Answer 45

phagocytosis

Question 46

Metchnikoff advanced the idea that immunity was primarily due to the phagocytic activity of

Answer 46

white blood cells.

Question 47

According to Metchnikoff, 2 types of circulating cells are capable of phagocytosis – [?] and [?], as well as certain fixed cells. He called these cells “phagocytes”.

Answer 47

polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages

Question 48

Methcnikoff’s cellular immunity theory provoked an intense controversy with the advocates of [?]. These advocates have observed in their studies immunity in the absence or without the participation of cells.

Answer 48

humoral immunity

Question 49

was the first to observe the direct action of an immune serum on microbes during the course of his studies on anthrax bacilli.

Answer 49

Fodor ( 1886)

Question 50

demonstrated the neutralizing antitoxic activity of sera from animals immunized with diphtheria and tetanus toxin, which was considered as the first proof of humoral immunity.

Answer 50

Von Behring and Kitasato

Question 51

Other scientists like [?] had contributed additional studies supporting the theory of humoral immunity.

Answer 51

Calmette, Pfeiffer and Isaeff and Jules Bordet

Question 52

[?] was an attempt to harmonize the two views of immunity.

Answer 52

Ehrlich’s side chain theory

Question 53

According to Ehrlich, cells possess in their surfaces a wide variety of side chains called

Answer 53

antigen receptors

Question 54

Ehrlich proposed that binding of antigen to the side chains provoked new synthesis of these side chains, which were liberated into serum as

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antibodies

Question 55

also reported that antibodies could aid in the process of phagocytosis, thus effectively settling the controversy over cellular versus humoral immunity.

Answer 55

Sir Almoth Wright

Question 56

Sir Almoth Wright He referred to these antibodies as

Answer 56

opsonins

Question 57

Blood group antigens and their corresponding agglutinins were discovered by [?] who is the father of immunohematology.

Answer 57

Landsteiner

Question 58

His works led to the ability to give blood transfusions without provoking reactions.

Answer 58

Landsteiner

Question 59

Landsteiner developed the concept of antigenic determinant and demonstrated the specificity of antibodies for chemically defined [?], a term he applied to simple chemicals that could bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot stimulate antibody formation.

Answer 59

haptens

Question 60

In 1901, [?] introduced the complement fixation test, which became a standard diagnostic test in the hospital laboratory. Additional studies were made to further characterize antibodies and antigens and how they interact with each other.

Answer 60

Bordet and Gengou

Question 61

From this point on, immunology further fluorished into researches concerning hypersensitivities, immune tolerance, vaccine development, molecular immunology and transplantation immunology.

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after 1901

Question 62

Immunology began as the study of our response to [?]. Over the years, it has become progressively more basic yet more encompassing of many other fields. It has provided an excellent mix of fundamental and applied science.

Answer 62

infection

Question 63

New branches of immunology has emerged over the years which includes

Answer 63

immunopathology, immunogenetics, tumor immunology, transplantation immunology, immunologic disorders and immunochemistry

Question 64

deals with the study of immune responses associated with diseases. New therapeutic approaches has been derived as a result of this science.

Answer 64

Immunopathology

Question 65

covers the analysis of amino acid sequences in immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, genetic markers of immunoglobulins and absence of response to certain antigens in certain strain of animals.

Answer 65

Immunogenetics

Question 66

This has enlightened us about the transmission of genetic information and its effect to our immunity.

Answer 66

Immunogenetics

Question 67

centers on the study of the relationship between our immune function and tumor cells. This increases our understanding of the interplay between the two and thus allow us to come up with effective forms of immunotherapy of cancers.

Answer 67

Tumor immunology

Question 68

is concerned on the study of immune responses occuring during transplantation of organs. Normally, the recipient’s immune system rejects it since it is not from itself or it is foreign.

Answer 68

Transplantation immunology

Question 69

This branch of immunology helps us to understand how we could significantly decrease, if not totally eliminate the possibility of organ rejection by recipients through the development of

Answer 69

immunosuppresive agents

Question 70

The study of immunologic disorders is an emerging separate discipline concerned with [?] and methods of [?] for these disorders.

Answer 70

- immunodeficiency | - immunotherapy

Question 71

involves the study of the properties, functions, production and interaction of the chemical components (like antibodies and antigens) of the immune system.

Answer 71

immunochemistry

Question 72

It is commonly applied in the analysis of components of various human and animal tumors and leukemic cells.

Answer 72

immunochemistry

Question 73

1. Inoculation with dried crusts of smallpox pustules

Answer 73

C. Variolation

Question 74

2. Inoculation with little amounts of snake venom on multiple instances

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A. Mithridatism

Question 75

3. Father of Immunology

Answer 75

D. Edward Jenner

Question 76

4. He developed the first cellular theory

Answer 76

I. E. Mechnikov

Question 77

5. He is known for the “Side Chain Receptor Theory”

Answer 77

E. Paul Ehrlich

Question 78

6. Introduced Complement Fixation Test

Answer 78

B. Bordet and Gengou

Question 79

7. Known as the first experimental immunologist

Answer 79

H. Louis pasteur