Module 1 Unit 1 Flashcards
a young branch of medical science which was originally studied as part of Microbiology
immunology and serology
is a science that studies the structure and functioning of the immune system including the mechanism by which it helps protect the body from agents of diseases
Immunology
deals with the diagnostic identification of antigens and antibodies in the serum
Serology
This is an “in vitro” study of antigen- antibody reactions.
Serology
The word “immunity” is from the latin word [?] which meant exempt from charges (commonly used in relation with taxes or expenses)
“immunis”
It means the state of protection from infectious diseases.
immunity
This is realized through the function of the immune system which is referred to as immune response.
immunity
When we talk about the immune system, this is composed of [?] (e.g. bonemarrow), [?] (e.g. lymphocytes) and [?] circulating in the blood (e.g. complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign or non-self-substances.
- structures
- cells
- soluble components
The collective and coordinated response which results is called the
immune response.
is a molecule that reacts with an antibody though it may not necessarily induce antibody production.
antigen
When an antigen does induce an immune reaction in a host, this is more aptly referred to as an
immunogen
is a functional immunoglobulin produced in response to immunogenic stimulation.
antibody
The discipline of immunolgy grew out of the observation that individuals who had recovered from certain infectious diseases were thereafter protected from the disease. It lead to the need to understand and to intervene in the states of diseases.
Ancient Period
Perhaps the earliest written reference to the phenomenon of immunity can be traced back to [?], the great historian of Peloponnesian war .
Thucydides
In 430 BC, when he was describing the plague of Athens, he wrote that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contract the disease for the second time.
Thucydides
Although in those times the pathogen involved was yet unknown.
430 BC
The first attempts to induce immunity deliberately were performed by the [?] in the fifteenth century.
Chinese and Turks
The dried crusts from [?] were either inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into small cuts in the skin, a technique which was referred to as variolation.
smallpox (variola) pustules
Others purposely seek contact with diseased individuals. For the turks, this practice was commonly done for
preserving beauty.
In 1700’s, [?] of Turkey who was the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the techniques performed in her own children.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
She was responsible for bringing the Chinese technique to Western Europe.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Another practice which was common during the ancient period of immunology history is the practice of [?].
Mithridatism
Mithridatism was practiced by the ancient greek king of Pontus, [?], who inorder to protect himself against the effect of poison administered to himself small amounts of poisonous substance on multiple occasions.
Mithridates VI
While in some parts of central Africa, a mixture of [?] were used as a treatment or protection against snakebites.
snake heads and ant eggs
Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.
formol
Later on, it was learned that ants contain [?] which is now used for detoxification of toxins and venom.
formol
While variolation was successful for inducing immunity in some individuals, [?] was dangerous since it may result to clinical infection or death.
inoculation with unmodified smallpox virus
The concepts of contagion and the germ theory of diseases are attributed to
Girolamo Fracastoro.
refers to an infection that passes from one thing to another.
“Contagion”
The infection seen in the carrier and the recipient of the contagion is similar, which according to him is caused by
small imperceptible particles.
The concept of the contagion was then extended to a study of immunity produced by a host through the works of
Edward Jenner.
Jenner was intrigued by the fact that milkmaids who had contracted the mild disease, cowpox, were subsequently immune to [?], which is a disfiguring and often fatal disease.
smallpox
