Tuberculosis

Question 1

What is a ghon focus?

Answer 1

-a granuloma at the site of first infection

Question 2

What is primary disease?

Answer 2

Lecture 1, slide 3

Question 3

What are the general symptoms of TB?

Answer 3

Lecture 1, slide 8

Question 4

Describe the natural history of TB infection. What impact does this have on human health and bacterial life cycle?

Answer 4

Lecture 1, slide 10-11

Question 5

What is primary infection? What are its features?

Answer 5

Lecture 1, slide 12

Question 6

What is primary disease? What are its features?

Answer 6

Lecture 1, slide 13-15

Question 7

What is post-primary disease? What are its features? What are some risk factors for it?

Answer 7

Lecture 1, slide 16

Question 8

Summarise the natural history of TB infection and risk factors.

Answer 8

Lecture 1, slide 17

Question 9

Describe the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. What features of this bacterium make it difficult to study?

Answer 9

Lecture 1, slide 18-19

Question 10

What are regions of difference?

Answer 10

Lecture 1, slide 20

Question 11

What type of staining technique is used to visualise M.tuberculosis?

Answer 11

Lecture 1, slide 21

Question 12

What is the structure of M.tuberculosis cell wall?

Answer 12

Lecture 1, slide 22-24

Question 13

What is a toxin-antitoxin system? What may its role be in M.tuberculosis?

Answer 13

Lecture 1, slide 25-26

Question 14

Describe the development of the Ghon focus/granuloma at the cellular level.

Answer 14

Lecture 1, slide 27-30

Question 15

What role do cytokines have in the development of a granuloma?

Answer 15

Lecture 1, slide 31

Question 16

What role does VEGF have in the development of a granuloma?

Answer 16

Lecture 1, slide 32

Question 17

What role do Langhans multinucleated giant cells have in the development of a granuloma?

Answer 17

Lecture 1, slide 33

Question 18

What role do foamy macrophages have in the development of a granuloma?

Answer 18

Lecture 1, slide 34

Question 19

What role does caseous material have in the development of a granuloma?

Answer 19

Lecture 1, slide 35-36

Question 20

What is involved in the normal maturation of a phagolysosome?

Answer 20

Lecture 1, slide 37-38

Question 21

What effect does MTB have on maturation of phagosomes? How may it exert this effect?

Answer 21

Lecture 1, slide 39-42

Question 22

How does MTB resist antimicrobial stresses?

Answer 22

Lecture 1, slide 43

Question 23

How may MTB survive in macrophages?

Answer 23

Lecture 1, slide 44

• it can prevent maturation of phagosome
• it can resist antimicrobial stresses

Question 24

How may MTB escape from a phagosome?

Answer 24

Lecture 1, slide 45-46

Question 25

What are some risk factors of post-primary disease? What do these risk factors tell is about? What effect does inflammation have in a TB infection? What is HIV associated with?

Answer 25

Lecture 1, slide 47

Question 26

What molecules may be involved in post-primary disease risk? What has contributed to our understanding of host responses to TB?

Answer 26

Lecture 1, slide 48

Question 27

How is TB related to HIV?

Answer 27

Lecture 1, slide 49

Question 28

How is TB different to other bacterial infections?

Answer 28

Lecture 1, slide 50

Question 29

Discuss the TB vaccine. What other diseases can it be used to treat? What might explain the discrepancies in clinical trials for the vaccine?

Answer 29

Lecture 1, slide 51-52

Question 30

What are the principles of TB treatment?

Answer 30

Lecture 1, slide 53