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Respiratory system > Tuberculosis > Flashcards

Tuberculosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is tuberculosis?

A

it is an infectious bacterial disease characterised by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs

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2
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of active tuberculosis?

A 
coughing that lasts 3 or more weeks
coughing up of blood
chest pain
pain with breathing or coughing
unintentional weight loss
fatigue
night sweats
chills
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3
Q

what are the most common medications to treat tuberculosis?

A 
rifampin
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
(RIP(E))
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4
Q

what are complications of tuberculosis?

A 
spinal pain
joint damage
meningitis
liver or kidney problems
heart disorders
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5
Q

describe diagnosis of tuberculosis

A

a positive tuberculosis skin test or a positive tuberculosis blood test only tells that a person has been infected with tuberculosis bacteria

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6
Q

what does a positive tuberculosis blood test show

A

it only tells that a person has been infected with tuberculosis bacteria

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7
Q

what is required to see whether a person has tuberculosis disease?

A

a chest x-ray and a sputum sample

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8
Q

what disease causes more death per year worldwide than any other single infectious disease?

A

tuberculosis

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9
Q

what is the organism that is the causative agent for tuberculosis?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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10
Q

what are the common clinical presentation of tuberculosis?

A 
cough
weigh loss
anorexia
fever
night sweats
chest pain
fatigue
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11
Q

what are the drugs tat patients should receive for the 2 month intensive tuberculosis drug treatment?

A 
RIP(E)
rifampicin
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
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12
Q

where is rifampicin metabolised?

A

in the liver

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13
Q

where is rifampicin eliminated?

A

in bile and sometimes in urine

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14
Q

what are the side effects of rifampicin?

A 
flu-like symptoms
changes in amount of urine
persistent nausea
persistent vomiting
stomach pain
abdominal pain
dark urine
yellowing eyes
yellowing skin
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15
Q

what are the side effects of isoniazid?

A 
numbness and tingling in the extremities
hepatitis
nausea
vomting
upset stomach
fever
rash
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16
Q

what are the side effects of pyrazinamide?

A 
an allergic reaction
difficulty breathing
closing of your throat
swelling of your lips
swelling of your tongue
swelling of face
fever
unusual weakness or fatigue
nausea
vomiting
loss of appetite
yellow skin
yellow eyes
difficulty urinating
painful urination
painful joints
swollen joints
worsening gout
a rash
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17
Q

what are the side effects of the drug ethambutol?

A 
blurred vision, 
eye pain
red-green colour blindness
loss of vision
fever 
joint pain
numbness
tingling 
burning pain
weakness in hands or feet
skin rash
18
Q

what did tuberculosis treatment come around?

A

the 1950s

19
Q

what is tuberculosis patients susceptible of?

A

poverty
overcrowding
malnutrition

20
Q

have the number of cases of tuberculosis increased or decreased?

A

increased

21
Q

describe the mycobacteria, the organism causing tuberculosis

A

it is very slow growing, it is a slow dividing organism therefore treatment is long, the cell wall of the organism is very thick which makes it very resistant to acids, alkalis and detergents

22
Q

what does the activated macrophage do in the alveolus?

A

it will kill the mycobacteria but will also end up resulting in tissue damage

23
Q

can you get tuberculosis from pneumonia?

A

ye

24
Q

can you breathe in the bugs off someone who has tuberculosis?

A

yes

25
Q

what is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by?

A

the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis

26
Q

is tuberculosis contagious?

A

yes, the bacteria is easily spread from one infected person to someone else

27
Q

how can you get tuberculosis?

A

you can get tuberculosis by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person

28
Q

when does secondary tuberculosis occur?

A

during the 2 years following the initial infection, reactivation frequently occurs in the setting of decreased immunity and usually involves the lung apex

29
Q

what are other names of post primary tuberculosis?

A

reactivation tuberculosis

secondary tuberculosis

30
Q

what is miliary tuberculosis?

A

it is a form of tuberculosis that is characterised by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny six elf lesions

31
Q

what percentage is miliary tuberculosis present in all reported cases of tuberculosis?

A

2%

32
Q

what is widespread dissemination of mycobacterium tuberculosis via hematogenous spread known as?

A

miliary tuberculosis

33
Q

what is classic miliary tuberculosis defined as?

A

millet like seeding of tuberculosis bacilli in the lung, as evidenced on chest radiotherpay

34
Q

what is meningeal tuberculosis?

A

when mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria travel to the meninges

35
Q

what is pleural tuberculosis?

A

one of the most common forms of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, it usually presents as an acute illness with fever, cough and pleuritic chest pain

36
Q

what is skeletal tuberculosis?

A

it refers to tuberculosis involvement of the bones and/or joints

37
Q

what are signs of tuberculosis?

A

clubbing
malnutrition
alcoholism

38
Q

what are essential investigations of tuberculosis?

A

sputum sample,

cough into a sputum pot, they will put sputum into a culture

39
Q

what are the current tuberculosis treatment regimes?

A

4 drugs for 2 months, around 6-7 tablets

followed by

2 drugs for 4 months,

compliance is essential, tablets need to be made sure that they are taken

40
Q

what is the drug treatment?

A

RIPE - 2 months
RI - 4 months,

that is,

rifampicin
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
(for 2 months)

rifampicin
isoniazid
(for 4 months)

Respiratory system (24 decks)

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