Control of ventilation Flashcards
what is hypoxic drive?
a form of respiratory drive in which the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle
factors that affect the rate of breathing
blood pH, activity level and the presence of drugs or alcohol
factors that affect the rate of respiration
temperature, carbon dioxide concentration
how does high temperature affect the rate of respiration?
the rate of respiration decreases with time
how does low temperature affect the rate of respiration?
the respiration rate is insignificant
what is a spirometer used for?
to measure the depth of breathing
what does a spirometer measure?
the volume of air inhaled and exhaled
what peripheral chemoreceptors?
they are sensory extensions of peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies
what are peripheral chemoreceptors supplied with?
they are supplied with sensory fibres coursing in the sinus and aortic nerves
what do peripheral chemoreceptors receive?
they receive sympathetic and parasympathetic motor innervations
why are peripheral chemoreceptors important during hypoxia?
they are essential for the immediate ventilatory and arterial pressure increases
what is acid-base imbalance?
an abnormality of the human body’s normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range
what is alkalosis?
when your blood is too alkaline
what are respiratory acidosis and alkalosis due to?
due to problem with the lungs
what are metabolic acidosis and alkalosis due to?
due to problem with the kidneys
what conditions are caused by an underlying disease or disorder?
each of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
when does acid-base imbalance occur?
acid-base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of its normal range
how is the process that causes the imbalance classified?
the process is classified based on the eitology of the disturbance and the direction of change in pH
how does the respiratory system contribute to acid base balance?
- the blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is exhaled
- as carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, the pH of the blood decreases, acidity increases
- by adjusting the speed and depth of breathing, the brain and lungs are able to regulate the blood pH minute by minute
what is eupnea?
it is basically quiet restful breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration normally
normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. In eupnea, expiration employs only the elastic recoil of the lungs.
what are the 2 categories of chemoreceptors that regulate the depth and rhythm of breathing?
central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
where are central chemoreceptors located?
they are located on the ventrolateral surface of medulla oblongata and detect changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid
what do peripheral chemoreceptors consist of?
they consist of aortic and carotid bodies
what are the chemoreceptors of the cardiovascular system?
carbon dioxide chemoreceptors
what are the 2 places that the chemoreceptors of the cardiovascular system are located?
the carotid arteries and the aortic arch
where are the carotid bodies located?
they are located in the carotid arteries that tun though the neck to the brain
where are the aortic bodies located?
they are found in the aortic arch, an arterial feature near the heart
what are the main chemoreceptors involved in respiratory feedback?
the central chemoreceptors
where are the central chemoreceptors involved in the respiratory system located?
they are located on the ventrolateral surface of medulla oblongata and detect changes in the pH of the spinal fluid
what can be desensitised over time from chronic hypoxia and increased carbon dioxide?
the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory system
