Pathology of respiratory tract infection

Question 1

what it is a coryza?

Answer 1

it is catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold or by hay fever

Question 2

what is laryngitis?

Answer 2

inflammation of the larynx,

Question 3

what does laryngitis typically result in?

Answer 3

huskiness or loss of voice, harsh breathing and a painful cough

Question 4

what is acute epiglottitis?

Answer 4

a rapidly progressive infection causing inflammation of the epiglottis and tissues around the epiglottis that may lead to abrupt blockage of the upper airway and death

Question 5

what usually causes epiglottitis?

Answer 5

bacteria

Question 6

what is the epiglottis?

Answer 6

the flap that covers the trachea

Question 7

what is bronchitis?

Answer 7

inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes

Question 8

what does bronchitis typically cause?

Answer 8

bronchospasm and coughing

Question 9

what is bronchiolitis?

Answer 9

inflammation of the bronchioles

Question 10

what is pneumonia?

Answer 10

lung inflammation, inflammation may affect both lungs or only one

Question 11

what is pneumonia caused by?

Answer 11

bacterial or viral infection

Question 12

what is the condition where the air sacs fill up with pus and may become solid?

Answer 12

pneumonia

Question 13

what does the respiratory tract antimicrobial defence system rely on?

Answer 13

components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 14

what is the role of the respiratory tract antimicrobial defence system?

Answer 14

to protect the lungs and the rest of the respiratory tract against inhaled microorganisms

Question 15

what is the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 15

it is a major barrier against infection, microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky much and moved up the mucociliary escalator

Question 16

what is humeral immunity?

Answer 16

it is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, compliment proteins and certain antimicrobial peptides

Question 17

why is humoral immunity named so?

Answer 17

because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids

Question 18

what is cellular immunity?

Answer 18

it is a protective immune process that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitised cytotoxic T cells and the release of cytokines and chemokine in response to antigen

Question 19

what is the respiratory tract defence mechanism that has both sensory and motor components?

Answer 19

the cough reflex

the sensory (afferent) components are mainly via the vagus nerve

the motor components are efferent

Question 20

what is pneumonia?

Answer 20

it is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small sacs known as alveoli

Question 21

what usually causes pneumonia?

Answer 21

infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases

Question 22

what is bronchopneumonia?

Answer 22

inflammation of the lungs, arising in the bronchi or bronchioles

Question 23

what is lobar pneumonia?

Answer 23

acute inflammation of an entire pulmonary lobe, produced in 95% of cases by streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 24

what is the most common organisms that may cause lobar pneumonia?

Answer 24

streptococcus pneumonia

Question 25

what may cause lobar pneumonia if pulmonary tuberculosis is not treated promptly?

Answer 25

mycobacterium tuberculosis and

the tubercle bacillus

Question 26

what is a lung abscess?

Answer 26

it is defined as a necrosis of the pulmonary tissue and formation of cavities containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection,

Question 27

what is the formation of multiple small abscesses occasionally referred to as?

Answer 27

necrotising pneumonia or lung gangrene

Question 28

what is an empyema?

Answer 28

the collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially in the pleural cavity

Question 29

what is bronchiectasis?

Answer 29

abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches, causing a risk of infection

Question 30

when does aspiration pneumonia occur?

Answer 30

when food, saliva, liquids, or vomit is breathed into the lungs or airways leading to the lungs, instead of being stalled into the oesophagus and stomach

Question 31

what are opportunistic infections?

Answer 31

they are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, including people with HIV

Question 32

what does pulmonary gas exchange refers to?

Answer 32

it refers to the dissusionof oxygen from the gas phase in the lung alveoli, through the thin alveolar-capillary membrane, into solution in the pulmonary capillary blood, and of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, both driven by partial pressure gradients

Question 33

what is hypoxaemia?

Answer 33

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood

Question 34

what is alveolar hypoventilation?

Answer 34

it is defined as insufficient ventilations leading to hypercapnia, which is an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide as measured by arterial blood gas analysis

Question 35

what is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 35

it is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart, in one form of pulmonary hypertension pulmonary arterioles and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed

Question 36

what is cor pulmonale?

Answer 36

it is a condition that most commonly arises out of complications from blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension)

Question 37

why is cor pulmonale also known as right-sided heart failure?

Answer 37

because it occurs within the right ventricle of your heart