Tuberculosis Flashcards
1
Q
What is the typical history associated with tuberculosis?
A
- Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
- Weight loss, night sweats, and fever
- History of exposure to active TB or travel to endemic areas
2
Q
What are the key physical examination findings in tuberculosis?
A
- Fever, cachexia, and lymphadenopathy
- Rales or decreased breath sounds over affected areas
- Signs of extrapulmonary TB (e.g., pleural effusion, spinal tenderness)
3
Q
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing tuberculosis?
A
- Tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for screening
- Chest X-ray to identify pulmonary involvement
- Sputum culture and PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis for definitive diagnosis
4
Q
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for tuberculosis?
A
- Isolation to prevent spread of infection
- Adequate nutrition and rest
- Patient education on adherence to treatment and follow-up
5
Q
What are the pharmacological management options for tuberculosis?
A
- First-line anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
- Directly observed therapy (DOT) to ensure adherence
- Treatment duration typically six months or longer
6
Q
What are the red flags to look for in tuberculosis patients?
A
- Hemoptysis or severe respiratory distress
- Signs of disseminated TB (e.g., meningitis, miliary TB)
- Drug-resistant TB or severe adverse reactions to medication
7
Q
When should a patient with tuberculosis be referred to a specialist?
A
- Refractory TB not responding to standard treatment
- Suspected or confirmed multidrug-resistant TB
- Need for specialized TB management and monitoring
8
Q
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to tuberculosis?
A
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the lungs and can spread to other organs
- Causes granulomatous inflammation and tissue necrosis
- Transmitted through airborne droplets
