Asthma

Question 1

What is the typical history associated with asthma?

Answer 1

• Recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
• Symptoms often worsen at night or with exercise
• History of allergies, eczema, or family history of asthma

Question 2

What are the key physical examination findings in asthma?

Answer 2

• Wheezing on auscultation
• Prolonged expiratory phase
• Possible hyperinflation of the chest

Question 3

What investigations are necessary for diagnosing asthma?

Answer 3

• Spirometry: reduced FEV1/FVC ratio and improvement with bronchodilator
• Peak flow measurement to monitor disease control
• Allergy testing to identify triggers

Question 4

What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for asthma?

Answer 4

• Avoidance of known triggers (e.g., allergens, smoke)
• Use of peak flow meter to monitor lung function
• Education on proper inhaler technique and asthma action plan

Question 5

What are the pharmacological management options for asthma?

Answer 5

• Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) for acute relief
• Inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control
• Long-acting beta-agonists and leukotriene modifiers for additional control

Question 6

What are the red flags to look for in asthma patients?

Answer 6

• Frequent exacerbations or hospitalizations
• Symptoms not controlled with standard therapy
• Signs of severe asthma: difficulty speaking, cyanosis, accessory muscle use

Question 7

When should a patient with asthma be referred to a specialist?

Answer 7

• Refractory asthma not responding to standard treatment
• Consideration for biologic therapies or immunotherapy
• Need for specialized asthma management or evaluation of comorbid conditions

Question 8

What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to asthma?

Answer 8

• Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
• Leads to airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction
• Triggered by various environmental and genetic factors