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Summer 2022 > Tsukoyomi > Flashcards

Tsukoyomi Flashcards

1
Q

SI

A

International System: ARRT will test using SI system

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2
Q

Coulomb/kilogram

A

Unit that measures amount of gamma or xrays in air

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3
Q

Gray

A

Measures amount of radiation absorbed by matter

Used for patient exposure -J/Kg

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4
Q

Air Kerma

A

Amount of radiation delivered to specific point in air - J/Kg

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5
Q

Sievert or rem

A

Unit for measuring biological damage from radiation

Used for occupational worker exposure

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6
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A
  1. xray photon strikes an inner shell electron and is absorbed
  2. inner shell electron is knocked out of orbit
  3. outer shell electron drops into inner shell vacancy
  4. transitioning electrons release energy known as characteristic or secondary radiation
    Greatest hazard to patient due to xray absorption
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7
Q

Compton Effect

A
  1. incident xray photon strikes an outershell electron
  2. outer shell electron is ejected
  3. the photon continues on altered path
    Both scatter photon and recoil electron have reduced energy and travel on to interact with other atoms
    Responsible for the majority of occupational exposure
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8
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Possesses sufficient energy to eject orbital electrons, capable of penetrating matter, produces ions

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9
Q

X-rays cause damage to living cells. Damage may be:

A

Repaired by cell itself
permanent
cause cell death

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10
Q

Direct Hit Theory

A

Radiation strikes a DNA molecule

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11
Q

Indirect Hit Theory

A

Radiation hits a water molecule

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12
Q

Radiolysis

A

Ionization of water molecules causing them to split

Causes chemical changes that results in free radicals

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13
Q

Free Radicals

A

Highly reactive particles that can indirectly harm DNA

Cause illness and aging

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14
Q

Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau

A

Undifferentiated cells
Rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive to radiation exposure
Fetus and infants are most susceptible to negative effects of radiation
1st trimester is most sensitive time for fetus

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15
Q

Most sensitive cells

A

Lymphocytes (20-40% of all white blood cells)
Lens of eye, ovaries, testes
Mucosal linings - GI system, nose, mouth
Glandular Tissue - Breast, thyroid

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16
Q

Somatic

A

All cells except germ cells

17
Q

Nonstochastic

A

A threshold of exposure has been exceeded
Usually short term exposure
Cataracts, erythema

18
Q

Stochastic

A 
No threshold
Increased possibility an effect will occur as a result of any amount of radiation
Long term effects:
-cancer
-Life span shortening
-Birth defects
Mental retardation
19
Q

Genetic

A

Damage to cells responsible for sexual reproduction

  • miscarriages
  • Birth defects
  • Sterility
20
Q

RT’s and student’s responsibility:

A

Protect patient, staff, and self

21
Q

Linear

A

No threshold

No amount of radiation has been proven safe

22
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

23
Q

3 Cardinal Rules

A

Time
Distance
Shielding

24
Q

Dose Limits

A 
Occupational
Whole body = 50mSV
Life time = 10msv x age
Student = 1 msv
Pregnant = 5 msv during pregnancy
Public
WHole body = 5msv
Pregnant=5msv during prenancy
25
Q

Affects on fetus

A

Spontaneous abortion
Congenital defects
Genetic abnormalities
Neonatal death

26
Q

Pregnant radiographer:

A

Fetal badge worn at waist

27
Q

Reducing radiation dose

A 
Exposure
Distance
Collimation
Filtration
Reduce repeats
gonadal shielding
28
Q

kVp

A

penetration & beam quality
Lower kVp = less penetrating - used for smaller and thinner objects
Higher kVp = more penetrating - used for larger thicker parts
Higher kVp reduces patient dose
Too high leads to excessive scatter and brightness of image (too dark)
Too low leads to under exposure

29
Q

mA

A

Milliamperage

Controls amount of current going through filament

30
Q

S

A

Seconds
Controls length of exposure
Influences the quantity

31
Q

Distance

A

40” for most table top and table bucky work, used mostly with upright bucky, and portable xrays
72” for upright bucky, may be used with portable machine

32
Q

Collimation

A

Limits field size
Reduces patient exposure
Reduces scatter

33
Q

Repeats

A

Leads to double exposure. Use postioning devices, clear communication, know anatomy

34
Q

AEC

A

Automatic exposure control
A device that helps terminate exposure when preset amount of radiation has been detected

Only controls exposure time
Available when there are ionization chambers
Located between patient and IR

35
Q

When is gonadal shielding required?

A

If gonads are within 5cm of primary beam

36
Q

Gonadal shielding

A

Shadow
Shaped contact
Flat contact

Summer 2022 (16 decks)

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