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General Bio > Tst #1 > Flashcards

Tst #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Generators of chemical energy for the cell
Harness energy from the oxidation of food molecules
Are enclosed in 2 membranes with inner membrane formed into folds that project into the interior of the organelle

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2
Q

What does the rough ER do

A

Region of the Endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins.

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3
Q

What does the smooth ER do

A

Region of the ER not associated with ribosomes. It is involved in the synthesis of lipids.

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

Most prominent organelle in the cell. Enclosed within 2 concentric membranes that form nuclear envelope.
Contains molecules of DNA
Control center of the cell

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5
Q

What does the Golgi body do

A

Modifies & packages molecules made in the ER that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment.

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6
Q

What does the ribosomes do

A

Composed of ribosomal RNA’s & ribosomal proteins. It translates messenger RNA into proteins

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7
Q

What does the lysosomes do

A

Breaking down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell. Also releases nutrients from ingested food particles

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8
Q

Basic organelles found in a cell

A

Mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus, Golgi body, ribosomes, lysosomes

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9
Q

Chemical Formula for phospholipid bilayer

Polar & Non-Polar parts

A

CH-PO4

CH(nonpolar)(towards center) - PO4(polar)(outside)

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10
Q

Describe how many amino acids are used to build an average protein

A

Proteins are a collection of 100s or 1000s of amino acids

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11
Q

What does the R in the chemical formula for Amino Acids mean

A

Gives the protein it’s chemical characteristics

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12
Q

Functions of the R component

A

Gives the protein shape

Different for different amino acids

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13
Q

Fats are what

A

Non-polar which means it is insoluble in water & polar solutions

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14
Q

Empirical formula for carbohydrates

Know the ratio

A

CH2O

1C:2H:1O

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15
Q

What are the two main types of proteins

A

Fibular proteins and Gobular proteins

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16
Q

What are fibular proteins

A

Are straight proteins (chain))

17
Q

What are gobular proteins

A

Balled proteins (globule)

18
Q

Enzymes are what

A

Are proteins that are functional component of the cell

19
Q

Why do enzymes help chemical reactions happen in the body?

A

They increase the odds of a reaction happening because they lower the activation level.
(Metabolic, digestive, food enzymes)
Usually end in ‘Ashe’

20
Q

Describe how proteins help with cellular structure & support

A

The cytoskeleton is made up of proteins

Integral & peripheral proteins bound together to form matrices of connected proteins

21
Q

What are the five functions of proteins

A

1) enzymes
2) transporters
3) receptors
4) antigens
5) transcription

22
Q

What are enzymes (function #1 of proteins)

A

Increase reactions

23
Q

What are transporters – function #2 of proteins

A

Pass material through membrane
Active - use ATP
Passive - follow gradient

24
Q

What are receptors – function #3 of proteins

A

Change cellular activity, allow certain activities

The ‘on’ switch for neuronal reactions

25
Q

What are antigens – function #4 of proteins

A

Allows cellular identity
Identifies self antigens & foreign antigens
Foreign antigens our bodies fight w/ anti bodies
Usually form 1,2,3

26
Q

What are transcription factors – function #5 of proteins

A

Turn on or off, gene expression

27
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model in the cell membrane

A

Membrane is a moving, active liquid
A soap bubble
Proteins provide the cellular structure because the membrane is just a bubble

28
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Creates an internal vs external environment that can change independently of each other

29
Q

Define Bulk Transport

A

Across the cell membrane

30
Q

Endocytosis definition

A

Moving into the cell,

Substance changes the peripheral proteins on the superficial surface, causing connected proteins to change shape

31
Q

Exocytosis definition

A 
Moving out of the cell
Secretions
Proteins change shape
Looks like a soap bubble forming 
Opposite from endocytosis
32
Q

Molecular transport definition

A

Moving molecules through the membrane.
Non-polar=no transporter(gasses,steroids)
Polar=membrane protein needed

33
Q

Gates define

A

Allows only certain molecules or ions through

34
Q

Channels define

A

Allows any molecule under a certain size through

General Bio (15 decks)

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