Tst #1 Flashcards
What does the mitochondria do
Generators of chemical energy for the cell
Harness energy from the oxidation of food molecules
Are enclosed in 2 membranes with inner membrane formed into folds that project into the interior of the organelle
What does the rough ER do
Region of the Endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins.
What does the smooth ER do
Region of the ER not associated with ribosomes. It is involved in the synthesis of lipids.
What does the nucleus do
Most prominent organelle in the cell. Enclosed within 2 concentric membranes that form nuclear envelope.
Contains molecules of DNA
Control center of the cell
What does the Golgi body do
Modifies & packages molecules made in the ER that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment.
What does the ribosomes do
Composed of ribosomal RNA’s & ribosomal proteins. It translates messenger RNA into proteins
What does the lysosomes do
Breaking down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell. Also releases nutrients from ingested food particles
Basic organelles found in a cell
Mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus, Golgi body, ribosomes, lysosomes
Chemical Formula for phospholipid bilayer
Polar & Non-Polar parts
CH-PO4
CH(nonpolar)(towards center) - PO4(polar)(outside)
Describe how many amino acids are used to build an average protein
Proteins are a collection of 100s or 1000s of amino acids
What does the R in the chemical formula for Amino Acids mean
Gives the protein it’s chemical characteristics
Functions of the R component
Gives the protein shape
Different for different amino acids
Fats are what
Non-polar which means it is insoluble in water & polar solutions
Empirical formula for carbohydrates
Know the ratio
CH2O
1C:2H:1O
What are the two main types of proteins
Fibular proteins and Gobular proteins
What are fibular proteins
Are straight proteins (chain))
What are gobular proteins
Balled proteins (globule)
Enzymes are what
Are proteins that are functional component of the cell
Why do enzymes help chemical reactions happen in the body?
They increase the odds of a reaction happening because they lower the activation level.
(Metabolic, digestive, food enzymes)
Usually end in ‘Ashe’
Describe how proteins help with cellular structure & support
The cytoskeleton is made up of proteins
Integral & peripheral proteins bound together to form matrices of connected proteins
What are the five functions of proteins
1) enzymes
2) transporters
3) receptors
4) antigens
5) transcription
What are enzymes (function #1 of proteins)
Increase reactions
What are transporters – function #2 of proteins
Pass material through membrane
Active - use ATP
Passive - follow gradient
What are receptors – function #3 of proteins
Change cellular activity, allow certain activities
The ‘on’ switch for neuronal reactions
