.5 Objectives Flashcards
What are coupled reactions?
When an energy-favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule (like an activated carrier)
These reactions require an enzyme
What are enzymes
1) catalyze(encourage) a specific chemical reaction
Define phosphorylation
Phosphate added to ADP
ADP + Pi = ATP
What makes an reaction favorable or unfavorable
Unfavorable - energy needs to be added
Favorable - energy doesn’t need to be added
Phosphorylation is a what reaction
Unfavorable
What are three examples of where ATP is used as an energy source in biological systems
1) stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
2) supplies energy to transporters(active transport)
3) unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
What are the two sources that are electron carriers
NADH & NADPH
How do NADH and NADPH obtain their 1- charge
They carry electrons as 2 High-energy electrons & a proton
Which forms a hydride ion (H-)
Identify the products of oxidation of NADH and NADPH
When they pass their energy (as H- ion) to a donor molecule they become NAD+ & NADP+
What are the differences of NADH & NADPH
They differ by 1 phosphate group far away from the electron transfer location
This phosphate causes different shape which each shape allows for binding to different set up enzymes
They target different molecules with the shape ^
ATP
1) Unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
2) Stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
3) supplies energy to transporters
4) send nerve signals down axon(sodium/potassium transporters)
What is the role of NADPH
BADPH is used in the anabolic pathway —synthesize High energy biological molecules
What is the role of NADH
Is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food
For the roles of NADPH and NADH,
Concentrations are regulated independently to adjust for electron needs
*higher NAD+ and NADPH+ for oxidation and reduction
Monomers are
Bounded together during enzyme-catalyzed condensation reactions(releases H2O)
Energetically unfavorable
This is called anabolism of monomers