.5 Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

When an energy-favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule (like an activated carrier)
These reactions require an enzyme

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2
Q

What are enzymes

A

1) catalyze(encourage) a specific chemical reaction

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3
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

Phosphate added to ADP

ADP + Pi = ATP

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4
Q

What makes an reaction favorable or unfavorable

A

Unfavorable - energy needs to be added

Favorable - energy doesn’t need to be added

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5
Q

Phosphorylation is a what reaction

A

Unfavorable

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6
Q

What are three examples of where ATP is used as an energy source in biological systems

A

1) stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
2) supplies energy to transporters(active transport)
3) unfavorable phosphorylation reaction

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7
Q

What are the two sources that are electron carriers

A

NADH & NADPH

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8
Q

How do NADH and NADPH obtain their 1- charge

A

They carry electrons as 2 High-energy electrons & a proton
Which forms a hydride ion (H-)

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9
Q

Identify the products of oxidation of NADH and NADPH

A

When they pass their energy (as H- ion) to a donor molecule they become NAD+ & NADP+

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10
Q

What are the differences of NADH & NADPH

A

They differ by 1 phosphate group far away from the electron transfer location
This phosphate causes different shape which each shape allows for binding to different set up enzymes
They target different molecules with the shape ^

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11
Q

ATP

A

1) Unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
2) Stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
3) supplies energy to transporters
4) send nerve signals down axon(sodium/potassium transporters)

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12
Q

What is the role of NADPH

A

BADPH is used in the anabolic pathway —synthesize High energy biological molecules

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13
Q

What is the role of NADH

A

Is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food

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14
Q

For the roles of NADPH and NADH,

A

Concentrations are regulated independently to adjust for electron needs

*higher NAD+ and NADPH+ for oxidation and reduction

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15
Q

Monomers are

A

Bounded together during enzyme-catalyzed condensation reactions(releases H2O)
Energetically unfavorable
This is called anabolism of monomers

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16
Q

Polymers are

A

Macromolecules

Built from repeating units of monomers

17
Q

The breakdown of polymers is

A

An enzyme catalyze hydrolysis reaction (uses H2O)
Energetically favorable
This is called catabolism of polymers

18
Q

3 examples of polymers

A

1) nucleotides(DNA & RNA)
2) Proteins
3) Polysaccharides(glycogen) sugar molecules put together
All condensation steps require energy from ATP

19
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytoplasm, then in the mitochondria

20
Q

What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O + 36ATP

21
Q

What does lactate do to your body?

A

When you are excersizing, you use oxygen to break down glucose for energy, if your body can’t get enough oxygen, lactate is made.
This is the burning sensation in your muscles.

22
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis

A

Net gain of 2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH

23
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis use

A

Uses 2 ATP

Produces 4 ATP

24
Q

Where are the NADH formed during glycolysis used

A

Uses in the electron transport chain

25
Q

Where do the citric acid cycle take place

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

What are the products formed in the citric acid cycle

A

2 GTP
6NADH
2FADH2
4 CO2

27
Q

Where are the NADH and FADH2 used?

A

In the electron transport chain

28
Q

Def phosphorylation

A

Adding (PO4)-3

The process of Turing ADP to ATP

29
Q

What is the process of the ETC

A

Transfers e- through carriers
-lowers the e-‘s energy
Uses energy to move H+ against gradient
H+ gradient is used to phosphorlate ADP

30
Q

What happens to NAD+ and FAD in the ETC

A

They are recycled to the citric acid cycle

31
Q

Results of ETC

A
  1. ATP

H2O

32
Q

Define oxidative

A

Uses O2

33
Q

Where are the 36 ATP in cellular respiration equation Come from?

A

2- glycolysis
2 - citric acid cycle
32 - ATP synthesis(ETC)

34
Q

Where does the pyruvate get moved after glycolysis

A

Moves into the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle