Central Dogma 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the location of the splicing of mRNA

A

Occurs in nucleus

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2
Q

Identify the Splice Donor and Splice Acceptor

A

Splice Donor - 5’ end of all introns start with GU

Splice Acceptor - 3’ end of all introns end with AG

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3
Q

Once introns are removed,

A

Exons spliced together

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4
Q

State the number of bases usually found in Small Nuclear RNA, and what transcribes it

A

200 bases and is transcribed by RNA polymerase 2

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5
Q

List the 3 Phases of Translation

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

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6
Q

What happens during the first phase of translation?

A

Binding tRNA anticodon UAC with the start codon AUG

- reads messenger RNA 5’-3’

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7
Q

List the three sites found in a Ribosome that are used for Translation

A

1) tRNA enters A site and binds to mRNA
2) peptide bond forms between amino acids in P site with new one is A site. P site amino acid is released
3) ribosome moves down mRNA(towards 3’ end)
- Empty tRNA is released and new mRNA codon is in A site.

PROCESS REPEATS

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8
Q

What happens during the third phase of translation?

A

Stop codon is reached, OH is released to end of peptide and is released by release factors

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9
Q

Explain how Alternative Splicing affects gene expression

A

Some exons may be included in the splice, resulting in a different protein being translated

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10
Q

Explain how splicing can be used as a method of evolution and speciation

A

They can produce many proteins from same gene-gender protein diversity

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11
Q

What is the function of translation

A

to build a polypeptide (protein) in the cytoplasm of the
cell, from the code found in mRNA (transcribed from DNA), with the help of tRNA and
ribosomes

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12
Q

How do you produce a protein from a mRNA strand

A

Linking individual amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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13
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

Translation organelle is the what

A

Ribosome

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15
Q

Describe the two subunits that make up a Ribosome

A

60s & 40s

- each subunit is compromised of proteins and rRNA

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16
Q

Where can the ribosomes be?

A

Can be free(stay in cell) or attached to ER(outside of the cell) – making rough ER

17
Q

Define Codon

A

mRNA is read in groups of 3 nucleotides

18
Q

Identify the Start Codon, and what it codes for

A

The start codon is always AUG and it codes for methionine

19
Q

Explain how it is determined that a polypeptide is done Translating

A

Translation continues until a stop codon is read (UAA, UAG, or UGA)

20
Q

Identify the scientist who explained the Code in the Codons, and what year

A

FJ Taylor , 1989

21
Q

Explain the Code in the Codons

A

1st nucleotide - tells what precursor the amino acid is made from

2nd nucleotide - tells polarity of amino acid

3rd nucleotide- has no specific function ; greatest diversity

22
Q

Describe th polarity of the codon

A
U= most nonpolar
C= weak nonpolar 
G= weak polar
A= most polar
23
Q

Summarize the role of each RNA used in Translation

A

mRNA - holds code for structure of protein
tRNA - have anticodons & bind specific amino acids
rRNA - part of ribosome

24
Q

List the 5 main functions of proteins

A

1) Enzymes
2) Transporters
3) Receptors
4) Antigens
5) Transcription Factors

25
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Increase reactions

26
Q

What do transporters do

A

Pass material through membrane

  • active(use ATP)
    - passive (follow gradient)
27
Q

What do receptors do

A

Change cellular activity, allow certain activities

The on switch for neuronal reactions

28
Q

What are antigens

A

Allows cellular identity

  • identify self and foreign antigens
  • foreign antigens our bodies fight w/ antibodies
    - usually form 1,2 or 3
29
Q

What are transcription factors

A

Turn on or off , gene expression

30
Q

Explain the role of the Functional Group in an Amino Acid and protein.

A

Is different for different amino acids

- gives the protein its shape

31
Q

Explain how codons, found on RNA, relate to a specific Amino Acid, found on tRNA

A

Each codon has a specific anticodon if codes for, thus Anticodon gets brought by a transfer RNA which on the transfer RNA has a specific amino acid it has depending on the Anticodon and codon