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General Bio > Genetics, Heredity, Evolution, Etc > Flashcards

Genetics, Heredity, Evolution, Etc Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define mutations

A

Any change in DNA that may result in a new phenotype

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2
Q

What is human genetics

A

Looking at a pedigree to see how a trait is inherited over several generations

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3
Q

Define carrier

A

Someone who is heterozygous

- does not show the trait, but they can pass it to their offspring

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4
Q

Types of single allele trait

A

1) single, dominant allele
2) homozygous recessive
3) codominant allele
4) incomplete dominance

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5
Q

What is single, dominant allele

A

If you have the dominant allele, you have the trait

- huntingtons recessive

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6
Q

What is meant by homozygous recessive

A

You need 2 recessive allele to show the trait
Your parents both had to be carriers or one had the trait and the other was a carrier
-myopia - nearsightedness

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7
Q

What is meant codominant allele

A

If you are heterozygous for this genotype, you will express both phenotype
-sickel Cell disease

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8
Q

What is meant by incomplete dominance

A

Dominant allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele
Blending of the phenotype is seen

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9
Q

What is a polygenic trait

A

Trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes

  • skin color, eye color, fur color
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10
Q

Examples of polygenic trait

A

Multiple-allele trait

Sex-linked trait

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11
Q

What is a multiple allele trait

A

3 or more alleles of the same gene code for a single trait

-blood type (ABO)

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12
Q

What is a sex linked trait

A

Genes for these traits are found on the sex chromosome
Daughters have a 50% of being a carrier
Sons have a 100% of having trait if mom has it
Always gets X from mom
-color blindness
- hemophilia

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13
Q

Explain the relationship between a change in the genetic code of an organism and how that change may affect the production, the type, or the effect of a certain protein

A

A change in the genetic code may affect the organism favorably or unfavorably. It might change a protein to a different shape and this shape might make the organism thrive in its environment, did or stay the same.

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14
Q

Explain how a change in a protein could have a detrimental, a neutral, or a beneficial effect on an organism.

A

The protein might make the organism have a new shape or color, etc and this new characteristic might kill you off, or make you thrive or not affect you at all.

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15
Q

Proteins changing and have mutations are the causes of what

A

Speciation

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16
Q

Explain where a Germ Cell Mutation occurs and if it affects the organism or the offspring (and why that is)

A

Germ cell mutation occurs in the gametes.
It does not affect the organism but if is passed to the offspring
It provides the variation on which natural selection acts

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17
Q

Explain where a Somatic Cell Mutation occurs and if it affects the organism or the offspring (and why that is).

A

Somatic cell mutation occurs in body cells

It is passed to daughter cells by Mitosis

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18
Q

List the four types of Chromosomal Mutations.

A

1- deletion
2- inversion
3- translocation
4- nondisjunction(monosomy/trisomy)

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19
Q

What is deletion mutation

A

A piece of chromosome is deleted

20
Q

What is inversion mutation

A

A section of chromosome breaks off and reattached in the opposite direction

21
Q

What is translocation mutation

A

A section breaks from one chromosome and attaches to another chromosome

22
Q

What is nondisjunction mutation

A

When chromosomes pairs fail to seperate during meiosis

23
Q

What are the types of nondisjunction

A

Monosomy & trisomy

24
Q

What is monosomy mutation

A 
When a zygote has only one chromosome of a pair 
   -turners syndrome
         Male: 46XY
        Female: 46 XX
         Turner: 45X
25
Q

What us trisomy mutation

A

When a zygote has 3 of a particular chromosome

  - Down syndrome : trisomy 21
  - klinefelters syndrome: 47 XXY
26
Q

Define gene mutations

A

May involve a single nitrogen base or a larger segment of a gene

27
Q

What are the two types of gene mutations

A

Point mutation

Frame shift mutation

28
Q

Define mutagens

A

Factors that cause mutations

29
Q

List the five examples of mutagens discussed in class.

A

Sunlight, cig. tar, asbestos, radiation, some viruses

30
Q

Explain the purpose of an Ames Test.

A

Is a test used to identify mutagens

31
Q

Describe the purpose of a pedigree.

A

The show the possible genes/phenotype of a offspring

32
Q

Read a pedigree and identify the symbols within a pedigree.

A

Males - squares
Females - circles
Has trait - colored in
Blank - don’t express it
Half full - carrier
Partners - line between male & female
Generations - line going down from partners
Siblings - connected from generation line

33
Q

Define Evolution.

A

Change in the allelic frequency of a gene in a population over time

34
Q

Identify the two scientists, and what they contributed, to the modern Theory of Evolution

A

Darwin and Mendel comprise our current understanding of evolution

35
Q

What is Darwin’s theory?

A

“Survival of the fittest” through natural selection explains species variation, not individual variation

36
Q

What is Mendels theory?

A

Use of alleles and inheritance explain individual variation, not species variation

37
Q

TOGETHER MENDEL AND DARWIN EVERYTHING

A

^^

38
Q

Define Polymorphisms and list a few examples.

A

Phenotypic differences within a species

  • butterfly colors
  • skin color
  • beak sizes
39
Q

Differentiate between variation in Chromosomes, Protein Structure, and Nucleotide Sequence

A

Chromosome: banding pattern differences of chromosomes
Protein structure: use gel electrophoresis to move protein based on size(smaller travel farther, larger travel less far)
Nucleotides: DNA sequencing is used to identify changes in nucleotides

40
Q

Define sex limited trait

A

Autosomal - not found on X or Y chromosome

Phenotype appears in only 1 gender
- males & female have gene for lactation but only females express it

41
Q

Define Sex-Influenced Trait

A

Trait that are influenced by the presence of male or female horomones
-baldness

42
Q

Define Genetic Screening.

A

Examination of a persons genetic makeup

43
Q

Identify and describe the five tests used for Genetic Screening

A

1) Karyotype - analyze chromosome images
2) Amniocentesis- test amniotic fluid for chromosomal abnormalities
3) Fetoscopy - scope inserted into uterus to view fetus
4) ultra sound - noninvasive view of fetus
5) chorionic villi sampling - test villi from placenta

44
Q

Explain Scientific Theory

A

Scientific theory - a theory explains how nature works, must be falsifiable and testable
- developed using other theories
- supported by many pieces of evidence
Prove the theory false

45
Q

Explain scientific law

A

Are rules as to how nature will behave in certain conditions, but they do not say why

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