Energy & Biosynthesis

Question 1

Explain the function of an enzyme

Answer 1

Catalyze(encourage) a specific reaction

Question 2

Define Metabolic Pathway

Answer 2

Reactions are connected in a series, building one upon the other

Question 3

Define Metabolism

Answer 3

The different pathways are all interconnected into a web of reactions

Question 4

List & explain the two basic types of reactions in the body.

Answer 4

Catabolic: break down foodstuff into smaller molecules
Anabolic: use energy(from catabolism) to synthesis compounds

Question 5

Define Entropy

Answer 5

The level of disorder in a system

Question 6

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

Over time, the level of disorder in a system increases

Question 7

Describe how biological structures are able to overcome the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Use energy, gotten from environment and stored in chemical bonds

Question 8

State the 1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 9

Define Activation Carriers

Answer 9

Used to store energy for unfavorable reactions

Question 10

Difference between oxidation and reduction

Answer 10

Oxidation: the addition O to a molecules
~ the transfer of electrons away from a molecule-Making it more positive
~The removal of H+ ions

Reduction: the addition of electrons to a molecule
~ the addition of H+ ions (hydrogenation)

Question 11

Explain the purpose of activation carriers

Answer 11

They are used to store energy for unfavorable reactions
Store energy in energy-rich covalent bonds or higher energy electrons
Can be a source of energy or a source of chemical groups for other reactions

Question 12

Define covalent bond

Answer 12

Share valence electrons

Question 13

Define high energy electrons

Answer 13

Electrons pushed to a higher energy level

Question 14

List 3 types of activation carriers

Answer 14

ATP, NADH, NADPH

Question 15

List the most stable form of Carbon in the presence of oxygen

Answer 15

CO2

Question 16

List the most stable form of Hydrogen in the presence of oxygen

Answer 16

H2O

Question 17

If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what can be done with it?

Answer 17

Energy can be converted from not type to another

Question 18

Define photosynthesis

Answer 18

Converting solar energy into chemical bond energy

Question 19

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

Answer 19

1) capture of solar energy into activated carriers(molecules with easily transferable energy)
2) Carriers drive Carbon-Fixing process, turning CO2 into C6H12O6 —stored energy

Question 20

Cells burn molecules for

Answer 20

Energy

Question 21

Define coupled reaction

Answer 21

When an energy-favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule
require an enzyme

Question 22

ATP is an

Answer 22

1) unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
2) stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
3) supplies energy to transporters(active ransport)
4) send nerve signals down axon

Question 23

*Phosphate added to ADP (ADP + Pi = ATP)

Answer 23

*

Question 24

NADH & NADPH are

Answer 24

1) electron carriers
2) carry electrons as 2 Hugh energy electrons & a proton - which all form a hydride ion
3) pass their energy to a donor molecule & become oxidized

Question 25

NADH & NADPH differences

Answer 25

1) differ by 1 phosphate group far away from the electron-transfer location 2) phosphate group causes different shape in NADPH from NADH 3) shape allows for binding to different set of enzymes therefore different target molecules

Question 26

NADH & NADPH roles

Answer 26

1) NADPH is used in the anabolic pathways -- synthesize high energy biological molecules 2) NADH is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food 3) Concentrations are regulated independently to adjust for electron notes