Energy & Biosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the function of an enzyme

A

Catalyze(encourage) a specific reaction

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2
Q

Define Metabolic Pathway

A

Reactions are connected in a series, building one upon the other

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3
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The different pathways are all interconnected into a web of reactions

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4
Q

List & explain the two basic types of reactions in the body.

A

Catabolic: break down foodstuff into smaller molecules
Anabolic: use energy(from catabolism) to synthesis compounds

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5
Q

Define Entropy

A

The level of disorder in a system

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6
Q

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Over time, the level of disorder in a system increases

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7
Q

Describe how biological structures are able to overcome the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Use energy, gotten from environment and stored in chemical bonds

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8
Q

State the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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9
Q

Define Activation Carriers

A

Used to store energy for unfavorable reactions

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10
Q

Difference between oxidation and reduction

A

Oxidation: the addition O to a molecules
~ the transfer of electrons away from a molecule-Making it more positive
~The removal of H+ ions

Reduction: the addition of electrons to a molecule
~ the addition of H+ ions (hydrogenation)

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11
Q

Explain the purpose of activation carriers

A

They are used to store energy for unfavorable reactions
Store energy in energy-rich covalent bonds or higher energy electrons
Can be a source of energy or a source of chemical groups for other reactions

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12
Q

Define covalent bond

A

Share valence electrons

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13
Q

Define high energy electrons

A

Electrons pushed to a higher energy level

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14
Q

List 3 types of activation carriers

A

ATP, NADH, NADPH

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15
Q

List the most stable form of Carbon in the presence of oxygen

A

CO2

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16
Q

List the most stable form of Hydrogen in the presence of oxygen

A

H2O

17
Q

If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what can be done with it?

A

Energy can be converted from not type to another

18
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

Converting solar energy into chemical bond energy

19
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

1) capture of solar energy into activated carriers(molecules with easily transferable energy)
2) Carriers drive Carbon-Fixing process, turning CO2 into C6H12O6 —stored energy

20
Q

Cells burn molecules for

A

Energy

21
Q

Define coupled reaction

A

When an energy-favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule
require an enzyme

22
Q

ATP is an

A

1) unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
2) stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
3) supplies energy to transporters(active ransport)
4) send nerve signals down axon

23
Q

*Phosphate added to ADP (ADP + Pi = ATP)

A

*

24
Q

NADH & NADPH are

A

1) electron carriers
2) carry electrons as 2 Hugh energy electrons & a proton - which all form a hydride ion
3) pass their energy to a donor molecule & become oxidized

25
Q

NADH & NADPH differences

A

1) differ by 1 phosphate group far away from the electron-transfer location
2) phosphate group causes different shape in NADPH from NADH
3) shape allows for binding to different set of enzymes therefore different target molecules

26
Q

NADH & NADPH roles

A

1) NADPH is used in the anabolic pathways – synthesize high energy biological molecules
2) NADH is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food
3) Concentrations are regulated independently to adjust for electron notes