trikkkky Flashcards
how do statins work
they inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. this enzyme controls the production of cholesterol.
statins block the active site of enzymes, stopping other molecules from activating it, therefore slowing down the production of cholesterol
overall outcome of using statins
reduction in hepatic mevalonate production
which enzyme do statins target
HMG-CoA reductase- made in the liver
where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found
at the junction of the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
function of JGA
help regulated BP and glomerular filtration
2 types of cell in JGA
Juxtaglomerular and macula densa
juxtaglomerular
secretes renin in response to a drop in BP and glomerular filtration –> RAAS
macula densa cells
senses changes in solute conc in DCT
where doe macula densa sense changes in solute conc
DCT
aldosterne
increases Na+ reabsorption- increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed –> increase in BP
angiotensin 2 causes
vasoconstriction
juxtaglomerular cells are found closest to
the afferent arteriole
which solute specifically does macula densa sense
sodium
if sodium levels are high in DCT
adenosine is secreted
adenosine
causes constriction of afferent arterioles - less filtration –> less Na+
what does vasoconstriction causes
less filtration
what is another response macula densa cells have to a high level of Na
they inhibit the secretion of Nitric oxide synthestase (NOS)
NOS
causes NO to be produced which causes vasoconstriction
decrease in NO
vasodilation
if Na+ levels are low
macula densa cells secrete NOS- vasodilation
class switching
also known as isotope switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cells production of antibodies from one type to another.
e.g. at the beginning of a infection the antibodies will be IgM, however after class switching the predominant antibody being produced will be IgG
what do T cells release to activate B cells to proliferate
interleukin
interlocking released by T cells
activates the B cell to proliferate
B cells become
memory B cells- stored for future infection, ready to proliferate rapidly and into Plasma cells to secrete antibodies
MHC II
antibodies
MHC I
cytotoxicity
