LEARN Flashcards
as EDV increases
cardiac perfomance increases:
- longer muscle
- more cross-bridges formed
- stronger contraction
as ESV increases
decrease in cardiac performance due to a decrease in cardiac output
venous return
rate of blood flow back to the heart
ejection fraction
=sv/edv
between 55-75%
left coronary artery divides into
circumflex artery and the left anterior artery
circumflex artery
back and top portion of the heart
left anterior artery
left ventricle - septum
coronary veins
takes oxygen poor blood back to the right atrium –> already used by the heart
angiotensin 2
causes vasoconstriction (increasing TPR) as well as increasing water retension
blood pressurw
CO x TPR
TPR
total peripheral resistance
RAAS
stimulates feelings of thirst
blood pressure
120/80
heart rate
60-100
ventricle muscle
trabecular carnage
cardiac muscle
heart
skeletal
lungs
smooth
GI
peak flow
persons maximum speed of expiration measured using a peak flow meter
vital capacity
maximum vol of air which can be expelled form the lungs, when deepest breath take (304 litres)
VO2 max
max rate at which heart, lungs and muscles effectivey use oxygen during exercise
BOHR shift occurs
presence of CO2
ventilation rate
12-20 breaths a min
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
areas of the lungs which are oxygen deficient will vasoconstrict- forcing more blood to areas of the lung which are rich in oxygen –> more efficient–> improves ventlation/perfusion ratio
2 cells which form red blood cells:
haematopoietic stems cells and progenitor stem cells
pressure in pleural cavity
pressure slightly less than atmospheric –> means alveoli are inflated
ppneumothorax
puncture in the pleura and air being introduced into the cavity- cause lung to collapse due to negative pressure not being generated
resistance
diameter of airway –> expiratory problem
compliance
lungs ability to stretch and expand
low compliance
fibrosis
high compliance
emphysema
atmospheric pressure
760
intrapulmonary pressure -within the lungs
760
intrapleural pressure
756
transpulmonary pressur
760-756= 5 mmHg
complement mannon-binding
1) mast cell activation
2) opsonisation
3) chemotaxis
antibodies and viruses
1) bind and neutralise
2) draw NK cells to virally infected cells
leucoytes
a white blood cells: lymphocyte, granulocytes, monocyte
which cells carry out phagocytosis
macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic
C reactive protein
produced by the liver, a key marker for assessing inflammation and treatment progression
classical pathway activated by
antigen-antibody complexes activating C1
MB lectin pathway activated by
lectin binding to mannose on the pathogen surface
alternative pathway activated by
pathogen surgaves
PAMPs
pathogen associated molecule pattern
-recognised by pattern recognition receptors of the INNATE immune system
IgA
milk–> specialised for defending body surfaces. also found in tears
IgG
placental transfer
1) neutralisation of microbes and toxins
2) opsonisation of antigens
3) activate of classical pathway
IgM
activation of classical pathway
IgE
parasites (helminths)
types of vaccine
1) whole dead or attenuated
2) parts of the pathogen
3) DNA coding for part of the organism
main cells found in the lymph
lymphocytes
lymphocytes
1) NK
2) cytotoxic
3) T cells
4) B cells
CD 4T cells
T helper cells
- Th1 -activate cytotoxic and NK cells
- Th2 -B cells to plasma cells
IL-17
fungi, bacteria and organ specific autoimmune disease
innate cells (No! Mary Bought More Evil Devils)
neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage, basophil, mast, eoinsophil , dendritic
adaptive
lymphoid cells e.g. NK, cytotoxic and B cells
cells that are in both innate and adaptive system
dendritic
myeloid precursor
innate
lymphoid precursor
adaptive
role of monocyte/ macrophages
phagocytosis
antigen presentation
cytokine production
eoinsophils
inflammatory respons
basophil
contains histamine - promotes blood flow to tissue and contains heparin –> prevents blood clotting
