immune system qs Flashcards
Leukocytes are recruited to the site of tissue injury by what?
chemokines
Which class of MHC would be important for generating antibodies?
MHC II
And which class of MHC would be important for cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
MHC I
Which subset of T lymphocytes would promote a cytotoxic T cell response?
Th1
which is the least common white cell in the blood and functionally very similar to mast cells
basophils
which cells do phagocytosis
macrophage
neutrophils
dendritic cells
stages of phagocytosis
1) attachment
2) ingestion
3) killing
4) degradation
which cell is a major constituent of pus
neutrophils
pus
pus is an exudate formed at the site of infection–> contains many neutrophils. Neutrophils drawn to the site of infection by chemokines
what is an example of an acute phase protein
c-reactive protein
where is c-reaction protein made
liver
what is C-reactive protein
an important marker of inflammation used clinically to assess inflammation and to monitor its response to treatment
what is an acute phase protein
a class of proteins whose plasma conc increase or decrease in response to inflammation
which components of the immune system can prevent bacterial pathogens present at a mucosal surface from entering the body?
antibodies: IgA
classical pathway of the complement system is started by
antigen-antibody complexes activating C1
three pathways of complement system
1) classical
2) MB-Lectin
3) alternative pathways
MB lectin pathway started by
Mannose-Binding lectin binds to mannose on the pathogen surface
Alternative pathway started by
pathogen surfaces
membrane attack complex in complement system mediates its actions pathogens by
osmotic lysis
which physical barrier causes you to sneeze
hairs
Innate barrier systems
antimicrobial factors in saliva, mucus, cilia, skin, rapid pH change, acid
pH and commensals of vagina, flushing of urinary tract, lysosomes in tears and other secretions
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
PAMPS
PAMPS
are recognised by pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system
TLR
toll like receptors
which immunoglobulin is most common in colostrum (early milk)
IgA
IgA
- breast milk antibodies are mostly IgA
- secreted antibodies and specialised for defending body surfaces
- they adhere to the infants gut wall where they form strong line of defence against a range of pathogens
- also screwed on musical linings and in tears
where is IgA also secretd
mucosal lining and in tears
what type of immunities the transfer of IgA from the mothers milk to the baby
passive natural
example of passive natural
-placental transfer of IgG
passive natural
IgA in milk
passive artificial
injection of immunoglobulin
active natural
infection
active artificial
vaccination
types of vaccines
- -> non pathogenic microbe (attenuated, killed)
- -> part of organism
- -> DNA coding for part of organism
which type of cells produce antibodies
plasma cells
antibody production
- B cell binds to antigen
- gets activated by T helper cell
- becomes a plasma cell
- produces antibodies
which antibody is a pentamer
IgM
types of antibody
IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
which antibody is important for an anti-parasitic response
IgE
lymphoid progenitor cells travel to which organ to become T lymphocytes
thymus
T cells
produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
B cells
produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen or other secondary lymphoid organs
IgG
- neutralisation of microbes and toxins
- opsonization of antigens for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
- activation of the classical pathway of complement
- antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells
- neonatal immunity: transfer of maternal antibody across placenta and gut
- feedback inhibition of B cell activation
IgM
activation of the classical pathway of complement
IgA
mucosal immunity: secretion of IgA into lumens of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, neutralisation of microbes and toxins
IgE
defence against helminths
-mast cell degranulation (immediate hypersensitivity reactions)
Natural killer cells are members of which family
lymphocytes
lymphocytes
include NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, T cells, B cells. they are the main type of cell found in the lymph
a patient presents with a bacterial infection characterised by fever. this fever is due to which of the following
cytokines produced by phagocytes
what is another name for CD4 T cells
t helper cell
T cells
Th1, Th2, Th17. regulatory T cell, Naive CD4 T cell
TH1 CELLS (IFN-GAMMA)
host defence : many microbes. systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases
TH2 cells (IL-4, IL-5)
host define: helminths. allergic diseases
TH17 cells (lL-17)
host defence: fungi, bacteria, organ specific autoimmune diseases
