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phase 2a pain > triads and symp combos/mnemonics > Flashcards

triads and symp combos/mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

virchows triad

A

stasis of flow, wall damage, hypercoagulable state

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2
Q

cushings reflex

A

erratic breathing, bradycardia, hypertension

farty hearty

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3
Q

ECG showing hyperkalaemia

A

tall tented t waves, wide qrs complex, flattened p wave, PR elongation

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4
Q

3 med approaches for anaphylaxis

A

IM adrenaline 0.5mg
Antihistamine 10mg
IV hydrocortisone 100mg

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5
Q

4 As for secondary prevention of atherosclerosis

A

atorvastatin
aspirin
atenolol
ace inhibitor

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6
Q

2 qualities to induce anaesthesia

A

lipid-soluble (cross BB barrier)

Low affinity for protein (binding to albumin, lowers free concentration of drug)

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7
Q

3 constituents of circle of willis

attached by what

A

anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
attached by: anterior and posterior communicating

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8
Q

language centres’ trios: name, function, location

A

bad = brocca’s
mother = motor
f*cker = frontal
(non fluent)

want = wernicke’s
to = temporal
shit = sensory
(fluent)

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9
Q

median, ulnar, common peroneal, radial nerve root levels on spine

A

radial = C5 - T1
median = C6 - T1
ulnar = C8 - T1
common peroneal = L4 - S2

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10
Q

4 stages of epileptic seizure

A

prodrome
aura
ictal
post ictal

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11
Q

migraine triggers mnemonic

A 
Cheese
deHydrated
Oral contraceptive pill
Caffeine
On the bevs
Lack of sleep
Anxiety/stress
Travel
Exercise
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12
Q

presentation of migraine mnemonic

A 
Pulsating
Onset 4-72hrs
Unilateral
Nausea
Disabling
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13
Q

triangle of safety for large bore cannula

A

anterior axilliary, mid axilliary, 5th intercostal space

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14
Q

lofgren’s syndrome triad

A

erythema nodosum
polyarthralgia (multiple joint pain)
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
(sarcoidosis)

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15
Q

Chest X-ray findings in AHF

A 
A: alveolar oedema
B: Kerley B lines 
C: cardiomegaly 
D: dilated upper lobe vessels
E: effusion (pleural effusion)
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16
Q

5 types of atypical pneumonia

A 
legionella pneumophilia - holiday, hyponatraemia
mycoplasma pneumoniae - target lesions
Chlamydophila pneumoniae - school age
coxiella burnetti - Q fever
chlamidya psittaci - birds
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17
Q

3 key clinical sounds of pneumonia

A

bronchial breath sounds
focal coarse crackles (thick sputum)
dullness to percussion

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18
Q

4 types of pneumonitis ( ____’s lung)

A

bird-fanciers lung (bird droppings)
farmer’s lung (hay spores)
mushroom worker’s lung (mushroom antigens)
malt worker’s lung (mould on barley)

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19
Q

MAN Child mnemonic for drug-induced interstitial lung disease

A

Methotrexate
Amiodarone
Nitrofurantoin
Cyclophosphamide

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20
Q

Real ASS mnemonic for secondary causes of interstitial lung disease

A

RA
Alpha 1 antitrypsin def
Systemic sclerosis
SLE

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21
Q

4 TB drugs and their side effects

A

isoniazid - numb, peripheral neuropathy
rifampicin - red/orange pissing, secretions
pyrazinamide - gout risk
ethambutol - eye, reduced visual acuity and colour blindness

top 3 all hepatotoxic

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22
Q

name for spinal pain in TB

A

pott’s disease of spine

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23
Q

presentation of chronic bronchitis

A

blue bloater

  • chronic airway inflam
  • less o2 reaches blood = cyanosis
  • overweight and peripheral oedema
  • wheeze
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24
Q

presentation of emphysema

A

pink puffer

  • older
  • thin
  • severe dyspnoea
  • quiet chest
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25
Q

resp distress signs

A 
incr resp rate
use of accessory muscles
intercost and subcost recessions
nasal flairing
head bobbing
cyanosis
tracheal tugging
abnormal airway noises
(capill blood gas monitor)
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26
Q

atrial fib ECG

A

irregularly irregular

absent P-waves

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27
Q

1st degree HB

A

P-R >200ms

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28
Q

2nd degree HB type 1

A

progressive P-R elongation until QRS drops off

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29
Q

2nd degree HB type 2

A

intermittently dropped QRS (3:1, 4:1)

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30
Q

3rd degree HB

A

no electrical communication between ventricles and atria = p waves and qrs have no relationship

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31
Q

ST depression

A

myocardial ischaemia

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32
Q

ST elevation

A

STEMI

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33
Q

delta wave, Short PR interval, Wide QRS complex

A

wolff-parkinson white - bundle of kent

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34
Q

q waves

A

previous MI

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35
Q

tall QRS

A

ventricular hypertrophy

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36
Q

biphasic t waves

A

ischaemia, hypokalaemia

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37
Q

LUTS

A 
straining
dysuria
frequency
hesitancy
nocturia
dribbling
haematuria
incontinence
fever & rigors
nausea and vom
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38
Q

4 treatments for BPH

A

alpha blocker - tamsulosin
anticholinergic
5-alpha reductase inhibitor
diuretics - finasteride

39
Q

RF for breast cancer

A 
female
age
personal/fam hist
smoking
radiation
40
Q

symptoms of breast cancer

A 
nipple discharge
fever
weight loss
ulceration
bone pain
erythema
dimpling
malaise
41
Q

6 in 1 immunisation

A

diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, HIB, hep b

42
Q

MMR

A

measles mumps rubella

43
Q

macrovasc comp of diabetes

A

stroke/TIA
periph arterial disease - diab foot
myocard infarct

44
Q

microvasc comp of diabetes

A

diabetic kidney disease
nephropathy
hypertension
ischaemia

45
Q

side effects of NSAIDs

A 
indigestion
stomach ulcers (PPI eg. omeprazole)
headaches
drowsy
dizzy
allergic
46
Q

pain analgesic ladder and examples

A
  1. non-opioid
  2. weak opioid
  3. adjuvant
  4. strong opioid
47
Q

xray appearance for osteoarthritis

A

Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral cysts
Subarticular sclerosis

48
Q

xray appearance for RA

A

Loss of joint space
Erosions
Soft bones
Soft tissue swelling

49
Q

5 S’s to diagnose RA

A 
slowly progressive
symmetrical
swollen
stiff
systemic symptoms 
(+pain)
50
Q

osteoarthritis joints

A

bouchard nodes heberden’s nodes

51
Q

RA 4 hand signs

A

Boutonniere deformity of thumb
Ulnar deviation
Swan neck deformity
Z shaped deformity of thumb

52
Q

mnemonic for osteoporosis risk factors

A 
MY - personal Hx of fracture
Steroid use
Hyperthyroidism / hyperparathyroidism
Alcohol & tobacco 
Thin (low BMI) - reduced skeletal loading 
Testosterone low
Early menopause
Renal or liver disease
Erosive / inflammatory bone disease eg RA
Dietary calcium low / malabsorption 
FAMILY - parental Hx of fracture
53
Q

mnemonic for common features of seronegative spondyloarthropathies

A 
Sausage digits (dactylitis)
Psoriasis 
Inflammatory back pain 
NSAIDS - good response 
Enthesitis (heel)

Arthritis
Crohn’s / UC / high CRP
HLA-B27
Eye - anterior uveitis / iritis

54
Q

2 aspects affected by seronegative spondyloarthropathies

A

sacroiliac joints, spine

55
Q

patterns of disease psoriatic arthritis mnemonic

A 
Symmetrical polyarthritis 
Asymmetrical oligoarthritis 
DIPJ arthritis 
Spondylitic arthritis 
Arthritis Mutilans
56
Q

reactive arthritis symp triad

A

Cant see - conjunctivitis
Cant pee - urethritis
Cant climb a tree - arthritis

+ Circinate balanitis
keratoderma blennorrhagica

57
Q

4 causes of septic arthritis and their typical patient

A

Staph aureus = most common, native joints
Neisseria gonorrhoea = young/sex/msm
Staph epidermidis = joint replacement
E.coli / pseudomonas = extremes of age/drug user/immunocompromised

58
Q

mnemonic for symptoms of SLE

A 
(need 4/11 to diagnose)
Serositis
Oral ulcers
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Blood - all low
Renal - lupus nephritis, proteinuria
ANA
Immunologic - dsDNA
Neurologic - psych, seizure
Malar rash
Discoid rash
59
Q

most common cancers that metastasize to bone

A 
breast
bronchus
byroid
bidney
brostate
60
Q

red flags for back pain mnemonic

A 
Trauma (osteoporosis)
Unexplained weight loss - cancer
Neurologic symptoms - cauda equina
Age >50, <20 - secondary bone cancer, osteosarcoma ankylosing spondylitis
Fever - infection
IV drug user - infection
Steroid use - infection
History of cancer - metastasised?
61
Q

charcots triad

A

fever, jaundice, RUQ pain

62
Q

symptoms of liver disease/cirrhosis

A 
asterixis
jaundice
splenomegaly
palmar erythema
hepatomegaly
ascites
spider naevi
bruising (abnormal clotting)
caput medusae (paraumbilical veins, portal hypertension)
gynaecomastia
testicular atrophy
63
Q

temperature affects neurological symptoms

A

Uhthoff’s phenomenon - MS

64
Q

signs of UMN

A

Hypertonia – spastic paralysis
Brisk reflexes (hyperreflexia)
+ve Babinski’s sign

65
Q

signs of LMN

A

Hypotonia – flaccid paralysis
Reduced/absent tendon reflexes
Muscle wasting
Fasciculations

66
Q

kernigs sign

A

knee flexed 90 degrees
hip flexed 90 degrees
knee too painful to flex

67
Q

brudinskis sign

A

neck too painful to be flexed

68
Q

rovsings sign

A

palpation of the LIF causes pain in the RIF

69
Q

complications of diverticulitis

A

Perforation
Peritonitis
Abscess
Haemorrhage

70
Q

scleroderma symptoms mnemonic

A 
Calcinosis
Raynaud's
Esophagitis
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
71
Q

3 microscopy findings of UC

A

loss of vascular marking
crypt branching
fistulas

72
Q

4 key aspects of achalasia flowchart

A

degeneration of ganglia in auerbach’s plexus
loss of oesophageal peristalsis
lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation
sudden difficult swallowing solids and liquids

73
Q

2 causes of SBO, 2 causes of LBO

A

sbo - adhesions (surgery), hernia
- nausea vom first then constip later
lbo - maliganancy, diverticular disease, volvulus
- costip then nausea and vom later

74
Q

3 aspects of treatment for SBO and LBO

A

NBM
IV fluids
nasogastric tube w free drainage
(1st xray, gold ct)

75
Q

4 key presentation aspects for minimal change disease

A

Proteinuria
Oedema (face)
Fatigue
Frothy urine

  • treat with prednisolone and diagnose with biopsy
76
Q

phren sign

A

relief of pain with scrotal elevation (epididymo-orchitis)

77
Q

cremasteric reflex

A

stroke inside of thigh causes cremaster muscle to contract/pull ipsilateral testicle toward inguinal canal (absent in torsion)

78
Q

3 classic symptoms associated with polynephritis

A

nausea/vom
fever
loin pain

79
Q

8 types of shock

A 
cardiogenic
hypovolaemic
anaphylactic
septic
neurogenic
psychogenic
obstructive
dissociative
80
Q

treat sepsis six

A

give 3 take 3

  1. o2 to keep sats above 94%
  2. take blood cult
  3. give IV antib
  4. give IV fluid challenge
  5. take lactate measurement
  6. take urine output measurement
81
Q

o2 supply demand mismatch triad in angina

A

Impairment of blood flow by proximal arterial stenosis
Increased distal resistance e.g. left ventricular hypertrophy
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood e.g. anaemia

82
Q

3 classic features of stable angina

A

constricting/heavy central tight chest apin
precipitated on exertion (can also be emotion, cold weather, heavy meals)
relieved by GTN spray or rest

83
Q

levine’s sign

A

clenched fist over the chest to cope with the pain of angina

84
Q

4 additional symptoms associated with ischaemic heart disease

A

Nausea, Sweatiness, Dyspnoea, Palpitations

85
Q

4 signs of MI

A

Distress and Anxiety
Pallor and Sweatiness (pale and clammy)
Pulse and BP may be up or down
4th heart sound

86
Q

3 cardiac enzymes for MI

A

troponin, creatinine kinase, myoglobin

87
Q

mnemonic for hospital treatment of MI (prehospital)

A 
Morphine 5-10mg
Oxygen if hypoxic (under 94)
Nitrates eg. GTN
Aspirin and clopidogrel
(aspirin 300mg and GTN)
88
Q

mnemonic for MI comp

A 
Death
Arrhythmias
Ruptured septum
Tamponade
Heart failure
Valve disease
Aneurysm of ventricles
Dressler's syndrome
Embolism
Reoccurrence of ASC
89
Q

3 cardinal symptoms

A

SOB
fatigue
ankle swelling

90
Q

1st line cardiac failure test

A

NT-proBNP
>2000 ng/l urgent referral 2 weeks
400-2000 ng/l urgent referral 6 weeks
<400 ng/l HF not confirmed

91
Q

mnemonic for aortic stenosis symptoms

A

Dyspnoea
Angina
Syncope
Heart failure

92
Q

mnemonic for mitral regurg symptoms

A

Dyspnoea (exertional)
Oedema
Palpitations
Exhausted (fatigue)

93
Q

mnemonic for aortic regurgitation symptoms

A

Palpitations
Angina
Dyspnoea

phase 2a pain (27 decks)

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