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phase 2a pain > ICS > Flashcards

ICS Flashcards

1
Q

what is a granuloma

A 
epithelioid histocytes (macrophages)
lymphocytes
release ACE
caseating - necrosis in middle eg. TB
noncaseating eg. crohn's, sarcoidosis
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2
Q

transudate content

A 
increased hydrostatic pressure
low protein <3g
LDH low
clear
low cell count
eg. congestive heart failure
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3
Q

exudate content

A 
increased vascular permeability
high protein >3g
LDH high
cloudy
high cell count
eg. pneumonia, lung cancer
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4
Q

4 outcomes of acute inflam

A

resolution
suppuration
organisation/repair
progression

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5
Q

neutrophil emigration/extravasation

A

migration - neutrophils migrate to plasmatic zone due to increased viscosity and reduced flow
adhesion - neutrophils adhere to vascular endothelial cells of vessel
extravasation/emigration - neutrophils pass through cells into basal lamina then vessel wall
diapedesis - RBC may also move through passively which indicates serve vascular injury/damage

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6
Q

3 substances that attract vascular smooth muscle cells to migrated from media to intima

A

PDGF endothelin 1, interleukin 1

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7
Q

LDL and inflam leads to

A

endothelial dysfunction

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8
Q

LDL gets into intima layer and…

A

becomes oxidised by free radicals. endothelial cells respond by attracting monocytes (macrophages once in tissue fluid)

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9
Q

macrophages ingest oxidised LDL and become

A

foam cells which eventually rupture and release oxidised substances and fats = increased inflam

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10
Q

what is atheroma composed of

A

vascular smooth muscle cells, collagen, (first 2 cause new growth)
macrophages
lymphocytes
elastin

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11
Q

how does aspirin work in atherosclerosis

A

reduced platelets binding

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12
Q

how do statins work in atherosclerosis

A

lower blood levels of LDL hence reducing production of foam cells

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13
Q

4 possible fates of thrombi

A

dissolve/resolve on its own
embolise
recanalization - intima cells proliferate to accommodate
organisation - scar

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14
Q

common cause arterial thrombus

A 
atheroma 
increased pressure
mainly platelets
= Stroke MI
treat with antiplatelet eg. aspirin
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15
Q

common cause venous thrombus

A 
stasis
decreased pressure
mainly RBC
= DVT PE
treat with anticoagulant eg. warfarin
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16
Q

where are venous thrombi commonly formed

A

valves

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17
Q

describe hypersensitivity 1

A

antigen presented on IgE of mast cell

eg. anaphylaxis

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18
Q

describe hypersensitivity 2

A

antibodies and antigen on cell surface

eg. blood transfusions, haemolytic anaemia, goodpastures

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19
Q

describe hypersensitivity 3

A

antigen and antibody complex
complement activated
neutrophil infiltrates
eg. SLE, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, RA

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20
Q

describe hypersensitivity 4

A

TH1 release cytokines that activate macrophages

eg. TB, MS, graft rejections, contact dermatitis

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21
Q

cell size in necrosis

A

enlarged (swelling), disrupted plasma membrane, adjacent inflam

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22
Q

cell size in apoptosis

A

reduced/shrinkage
intact plasma membrane
no adjacent inflam

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23
Q

5 diff between benign and malignant

A

benign - low mitotic energy, slow-growing, better blood supply, less necrosis/ulceration, no BM invasion, exophytic (grows out)
malignant - high mitotic energy, fast growing, poorly vascularised, necrosis/ulceration, invades BM, endophytic (grows in)

24
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increasing cell size w/o cell division

25
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increasing cell number by mitosis (only in dividing cells)

26
Q

define atrophy

A

decrease size of organ/cell

27
Q

define dysplasia

A

morphological changes of cells progressing to cancer

28
Q

define metaplasia

A

one fully differentiated cell becomes another (baretts oesophagus)

29
Q

define neoplasia

A

lesion of abnormal growth (requires nuclei)

30
Q

define tumour

A

any abnormal swelling

31
Q

define carcinogenesis

A

transformation of normal cells to neoplastic (permanent genetic changes)

32
Q

cancer beginning ‘Lipo-‘ is

A

adipocytes

33
Q

cancer beginning ‘Rhabdo-‘ is

A

satiated muscle

34
Q

cancer beginning ‘Sarco-‘ is

A

connective tissue

35
Q

cancer beginning ‘Leiomy-‘ is

A

smooth muscle

36
Q

cancer beginning ‘Chondro-‘ is

A

cartilage

37
Q

cancer beginning ‘Osteo-‘ is

A

bone

38
Q

cancer beginning ‘Leuk/Lymph-‘ is

A

lymphatics

39
Q

cancer beginning ‘Carc-‘ is

A

epithelial

40
Q

which cancer doesn’t metastasise

A

basal carcinoma

41
Q

most common adenocarcinoma?

A

lung

42
Q

adrenaline function

A

stimulates alpha 1 receptors = vasoconstriction, increase BP

beta 2 recep = bronchoconstriction

43
Q

antihistamine function

A

competitive inhib, block histamine from binding = vasoconstrict, decrease swelling, increase BP

44
Q

hydrocortisone function

A

glucocorticoid receptor agonist = protein catabolism

45
Q

IgE role in anaphylaxis

A

stimulates mast cells to rapidly release histamine and inflam markers which causes airway breathing circulation compromise

46
Q

anaphylaxis symp

A

itching, hives (urticaria), angio-oedema, eye lip swelling, SOB, wheeze, tachycardia, lightheaded

47
Q

test for diag of anaphylaxis

A

serum mast cell tryptase within 6 hrs

48
Q

define anergic t cells

A

have receptors which bind to self antigens and become inactive

49
Q

define clonal deletion

A

t cells in thymus, bind to self proteins and destroyed by apoptosis

50
Q

define clonal inactivation

A

t cells react to self antigens and become unresponsive (thymus and lymph periphery)

51
Q

define attenuated vaccine

A

weakened living form eg. TB MMR

52
Q

define subunit vaccine

A

part of pathogen introduced eg. Hep B HPV

53
Q

define inactivated vaccine

A

dead form of pathogen eg. Hep A, flu

54
Q

define toxoid vaccine

A

toxins = immune against affects but not actual pathogen

55
Q

astrazeneca is …?

Pfeizer and moderna is ….?

A

astra = viral vector

p and m = nucleic acid/mRNA

phase 2a pain (27 decks)

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