stuff to memorise from microbio Flashcards
stain for mycobacteria
ziehl-neelson stain for acid fast bacteria (red on blue background)
CIAS mnemonic
fix to slide apply crystal violet stain apply iodine to form complex acetone or ethanol to decolourise apply counterstain safranin
main tests for viruses
polymerase chain reaction
nucleic acid amplification test
serology
immunoglobin presence in viruses
IgM within 1 week
IgG later - chronic
4 types of viral infection
direct destruction
modification
over-reactivity
cell-proliferation
name for interval between infection and appearance of worm eggs
latent period
define: pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, commensal, virulence
org cause disease
org cause disease if immunocomp
org that colonises but doesnt cause disease
degree of pathogenicity
glycoprotein in HIV
gp120
protein capsid HIV
p24
how does HIV produce its own viral DNA
using reverse transcriptase
how frequently do bacteria divide
30-60 mins
type of bacteria - haemophilus influenzae
gram neg cocco-bacillus, short pink rod
mechanism of action and example of glycopeptides
inhib cell wall synth
eg. vancomycin
mechanism of action and example for each of the 3 branches of beta lactams
inhib cell wall synth
penicillins eg. benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin
cephalosporins eg cefotaxime, ceftriaxone
carbapenems eg. imipenem, estapenem
mechanism of action and example of macrolides
inhib protein synth
eg. clarithromycin, erythromycin
(can be used instead of penicillins)
mechanism of action and example of tetracyclines
inhib protein synth
eg. doxcycyline
mechanism of action and example of aminoglycosides
inhib protein synth
eg. gentamicin, streptomycin
mechanism of action of trimethoprim
inhibit folate synthesis (bad in 1st trimester)
mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin
inhibit dna gyrase
mechanism of action of rifampicin
bind to RNA polymerase
mechanism of action of metronidazole
dna strand breaks
define broad spec antib, examples and risk
empirical treatment before causitive agent is identified but bacteria is suspected
eg. ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin
may disrupt microbiome
define narrow spectrum antib
only effective against specific group of bacteria
suggest times to hand wash
before contact with patient before aseptic procedure after contact with patients surroundings after patient contact after bodily fluid contact
how does bacterial resistance occur
plasmid mediated gene transfer
spontaneous gene mutation
broad spec antibiotic overuse = resistance in gut microbiome
gram posi, clusters, posi coagulase test - bacteria name and its causes + treatment
staphylococcus aureus
endocarditis, cellulitis, toxic shock
lives in nasal passages
treat: flucloxacillin, co-amoxiclav, macrolides