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phase 2a pain > autoantibodies/chromosomes etc to memorise > Flashcards

autoantibodies/chromosomes etc to memorise Flashcards

1
Q

vasculitis autoantibodies

A

ANCA (p-ANCA, c-ANCA)

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2
Q

blood test for ventricle failure

A

NT-proBNP (Natriuretic peptide) if high = heart failure

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3
Q

chromosome for huntingtons

A

4

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4
Q

chromosome for haemochromatosis

A

6

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5
Q

chromosome for CF

A

7

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6
Q

chromosome for wilsons

A

13

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7
Q

chromosome for alpha1 antitrypsin

A

14

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8
Q

chromosome for downs syndrome

A

21

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9
Q

chromosomes in chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

part of 9 breaks off and swaps with part of 22

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10
Q

Philadelphia chromosome assoc with?

A

chronic myeloid leukaemia (also 30% adults with ALL)

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11
Q

hypersensitivity reaction pneumonitis?

A

type 3

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12
Q

hypersensitivity reaction anaphylaxis?

A

type 1

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13
Q

hypersensitivity reaction blood transfusion

A

type 1

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14
Q

hypersensitivity reaction haemolytic anaemia

A

type 2

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15
Q

hypersensitivity reaction goodpastures

A

type 2

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16
Q

hypersensitivity reaction SLE

A

type 3

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17
Q

hypersensitivity reaction contact dermatitis

A

type 4

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18
Q

hypersensitivity reaction TB

A

type 4

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19
Q

hypersensitivity reaction RA

A

type 3

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20
Q

hypersensitivity reaction MS

A

type 4

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21
Q

hypersensitivity reaction graft rejections

A

type 4

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22
Q

mantoux test

A

test for previous TB infection - using tuberculin (not live tb bacteria)

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23
Q

interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)

A

blood sample is mixed with antigens - WBC will release immunoglobulins if previous TB infection

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24
Q

type 1 resp fail

A

normal PCO2, low PO2

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25
Q

type 2 resp fail

A 
high PCO2 (= low ph), low PO2
retaining CO2 so obstruction in lungs, resp acidosis
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26
Q

presence of increased bicarb in type 2 resp fail

A

means chronically high co2

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27
Q

gene for CF

A

CFTR - codes for cellular Cl- channels

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28
Q

gold test for CF

A

sweat test using electrodes - test for Cl- conc >60mmol/L

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29
Q

mutation in CF

A

F508

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30
Q

leads for inferior heart wall

A

II, III, aVF

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31
Q

leads for septum of heart

A

V1, V2

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32
Q

leads for anterior heart wall

A

V3, V4

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33
Q

leads for lateral wall

A

V5, V6, I, aVL, aVR

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34
Q

tachycardia = ?

A

> 100bpm

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35
Q

bradycardia = ?

A

<60bpm

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36
Q

breast cancer genes

A

BRCA1, BRCA2

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37
Q

breast cancer targeted therapy drug aims for which gene

A

HER2

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38
Q

normal vs prediab vs diab values for hba1c, fasting gluc and oral gluc tol

A

diab: >6.5, >126, >200
prediab: 5.7-6.4, 100-125, 140-199
norm: 5.7, <99, <139

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39
Q

lachman’s test

A

test anterior cruciate ligament in knee exam

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40
Q

SLE autoantibodies

A

anti nuclear antibodies

dsDNA

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41
Q

RA autoantibodies

A 
rheumatoid factor (sensitive but not specific)
anti-CCP (specific - poor prog)
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42
Q

sjorgrens autoantibodies

A

anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B) antibodies, (rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibodies)

43
Q

graves disease autoantibody

A

thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb)

44
Q

coeliacs autoantibodies

A 
tissue transglutaminase (tTG) - more specific
Endomysial antibodies (EMAs)

(IgA - if def in this then may be low due to that hence coeliacs not detected. need to do further IgA level test. if def then test for IgG version of anti-TTG)

45
Q

coeliacs genes

A

HLA-DQ2 gene (90%)

HLA-DQ8 gene

46
Q

coeliacs biopsy shows

A

crypt hypertrophy, Villous atrophy

47
Q

goodpastures autoantibody

A

circulating antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) autoantibodies.

48
Q

cell found in hodgkins lymphoma

A

reed-sternberg (abnormal lymphocytes with more than one nucleus)

49
Q

denatured haemoglobin name in G6PD def

A

heinz bodies

50
Q

cells formed in G6PD def

A

bite cells

51
Q

autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis

A

Anti-centromere antibodies (ACA) and anti-Scl-70 antibodies

52
Q

autoantibodies for primary biliary cirrhosis

A

antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA)

53
Q

autoantibodies dermatomyositis

A

Anti–Mi-2 antibodies and ANA

54
Q

autoantibodies myositis

A

anti-jo-1

55
Q

autoantibodies Churg-Strauss syndrome

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

p-anca

56
Q

genetic associations RA

A

HLA DR1, HLA DR4

57
Q

gout crystals

A

monosodium urate

needle shaped, strong -ve birefringence, yellow

58
Q

pseudogout crystals

A

calcium pyrophosphate

rod shaped, weak +ve birefringence, blue

59
Q

gene for seronegative spondyloarthropathies

A

HLA B27

60
Q

test for gout/pseudogout

A

Polarised light microscopy

61
Q

test for septic arthritis

A

urgent joint aspiration - Fluid will be opaque / thick / pussy due to high WCC

62
Q

wilson’s disease eye presentation

A

kayser-fleischer rings - copper deposits in Descemet’s corneal membrane
assessed using slit lamp exam

63
Q

serum test for wilsons

A

caeruloplasmin level below 10

64
Q

copper-binding protein (wilsons)

A

ATP7B

65
Q

MS destroys which cells?

A

ogliodendrocytes

66
Q

autoantibodies for pernicious anaemia

A

anti-peritoneal antibody

67
Q

histo change in barrets oesophagus

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the lower oesophagus becomes non-ciliated columnar epithelium

68
Q

pain in appendicitis

A

umbilical pain radiating to mcburneys point (1/3 distance from umbilicus towards anterior superior iliac spine)

69
Q

upper GI endoscopy biopsy findings for gastric cancer

A

signet ring cells

70
Q

supraclavicular node in gastric cancer

A

virchow’s node

71
Q

periumbilical node in gastric cancer

A

sister mary joseph node

72
Q

gene mutation for lynch syndrome

A

MLHL, MSH2

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer - autosomal dominant

73
Q

cells present in crohn’s

A

goblet cells, non-caseating granulomas

74
Q

test for UC

A

calprotectin

75
Q

most common area for peptic ulcer

A

left gastric artery perf

- pain after eating

76
Q

most common area for duodenal ulcer

A

duodenal artery perf

- pain relieved by eating

77
Q

gold invest for achalasia

A

oesophageal manometry

78
Q

exclude ectopic (or any) pregnancy with…

A

urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG)

79
Q

anti emetic for gastroenteritis

A

5HT-3 receptor antagonist (serotonin recep in brainstem, peripheral serotonin recep in vagus nerve)

80
Q

malformation of distal ileum

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

81
Q

uric acid stones on xray

A

radiolucent

82
Q

investigation of renal stones if pregnant or young

A

ultrasound

83
Q

allergic reaction from beta lactam?

A

hypersensitivity

84
Q

allergic reaction from gentamicin

A

accumulates in the kidneys and causes toxicity secondary to acute tubular necrosis

85
Q

zone of prostate affected by cancer

A

peripheral

86
Q

zone of prostate affected by BPH

A

transitional

87
Q

nerve and muscle to retain urine

A

hypogastric nerves (T12 – L2). Causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle

88
Q

nerve and muscle to stimulate urination

A

pelvic nerve (S2-S4). causes contraction of the detrusor muscle

89
Q

nerve and muscle to voluntarily control urination

A

pudendal nerve (S2-4). innervates external urethral sphincter

90
Q

value for hyperkalaemia

A

5.5+

91
Q

most common type of renal stone

A

calcium oxalate (advise low sodium diet, more calcium, eat less spinach, chocolate, rhubarb, tea, sweet potato)

92
Q

size of small kidney stone (no med intervention)

A

<5mm

93
Q

investigate suspected angina

A

ECG

CT coronary angiogram

94
Q

hallmark of malignant hypertension

A

rapid rise in BP leading to vascular damage= fibroid necrosis

95
Q

test for hypertensive retinopathy

A

fundoscopy

96
Q

threshold for clinical hypertension

A

140/90mmHg

160 = high risk, 180 = severe

97
Q

threshold for home hypertension

A

135/85mmHg

150 = high risk

98
Q

sound for aortic stenosis

A

Crescendo-decrescendo Ejection Systolic Murmur

99
Q

sound for aortic regurgitation

A

High-Pitched “Blowing” Early Diastolic Decrescendo Murmur

100
Q

sound for mitral stenosis

A

Opening Snap then Delayed Rumbling Mid-Diastolic Murmur

101
Q

sound for mitral regurgitation

A

Pansystolic High-Pitched “Blowing Murmur”

102
Q

atrial regurg treat

A

ACE-i

103
Q

mitral sten treat

A

af rate control bet blocker and atnicoagulate

diuretics

phase 2a pain (27 decks)

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