Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phase 2a pain > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

megakaryocytes become

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

reticulocytes become

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

myeloblasts become

A

neutrophils
monocytes -> macrophages
eosinophils
basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

myeloid stem cells become

A

megakaryocytes
reticulocytes
myeloblasts
mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells become

A

myeloid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells
dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lymphoid cells become

A

b cells
t cells
natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

b cells become

A

plasma cells

memory b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t cells become… which then become…

A

CD4 cells -> T helper cells (activate CD8 cells to become cytotoxic T cells)
CD8 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

briefly describe innate immune system

A

cells already at location of infections
respond immediately
generalised response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

briefly describe specific immune system

A

takes longer than innate esp if first infection
specialised
away from location of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do both mast cells and basophils contain

A

cytoplasmic granules containing cytokines released in response to pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function of macrophage

A

first line of defence

have toll-like receptors used to recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns that are recognised by toll like receptors on macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of neutrophil

A

general attack cell in innate immune system
circulate in blood and migrate to areas of inflam in response to macrophage signals
Fastest responding WBC
Antigen presenting
Release lysosomes, defensins and strong oxidants that directly destroy bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of eosinophil

A

parasitic infection
stay in tissues until activated
granules contain pro-inflam cytokines & toxic chems eg. ‘major basic protein’ - released in degranulation/exocytosis process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of b cell and its differentials

A

antibodies (immunoglobulins) on outside of cell
they match to antigens displayed on pathogen
once activated, they differentiate into plasma cells (produced lots of that specific antibody) and memory B cells (await future infection)

17
Q

function of t cell and its differentials (big boi)

A 
have specific t cell receptors on surface to recognise antigens
differentiate into CD4 and CD8 cells
CD4: respond to HLA class II, become T helper cells which activate CD8 to differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (cell lysis and FAS pathway)
CD8: respond to HLA class I
18
Q

function of natural killer cells

A

activated by cytokines from macrophages and interferons
don’t require receptor antigen recognition to be activated
induce cell death (apoptosis)
release interferon gamma to activate macrophages (cycle of posi feedback)

19
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

present antigens of pathogens on cell membrane
have HLA class I & II (for both CD4 & CD8)
act as postman - carry antigens through lymphatic tissue to T cells

20
Q

physical barrier examples

A

skin - blocks bacteria but break in this can lead to infection
mucosa of: resp system, GI tract, urinary tract

21
Q

chemical barrier examples

A

HCl of stomach
lactic acid of vagina
lysozyme in sweat and tears

22
Q

cytokine release lead to inflammation which causes…

A 
monocytes and neutrophils to be activated
vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
mast cell degranulation
clotting system activated
kinin system activated
23
Q

what is the acute phase response

A

systemic response using interleukins

24
Q

function of interleukin 1

A

sent to brain to produce fever (pathogens have poor tolerance), poor appetite & lethargy to conserve energy for fighting infection

25
Q

function of interleukin 2 & 12

A

activates natural killer cells

26
Q

function of interleukin 6

A

sent to liver to activate/produce acute phase proteins (opsonins)

27
Q

function of opsonins

A

extracellular acute phase protein
attach to pathogens, making them more recognisable to macrophages/inducing phagocytosis
eg. c-reactive protein, measured clinically as marker of inflam/infection

28
Q

function of interleukin 8

A

recruits and activates neutrophils

29
Q

function of tumour necrosis factor

A 
used in acute phase response
multifunctional cytokine
important roles in diverse cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death
fights infection (does all of the interleukin roles itself)
30
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

macrophages recognise PAMPs using toll-like receptors
engulf pathogen into a phagosome
lysosome in cell fuses with phagosome
lysosome releases digestive enzymes and breaks down pathogen
releases cytokines to trigger inflammation

31
Q

lectin pathway trigger

A

directly by pathogens

32
Q

alternative pathway trigger

A

directly by pathogens

33
Q

classical pathway trigger

A

antibody-antigen complex

34
Q

describe complement system

A

proteins activate each other in cascade
enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane

35
Q

describe specific immune response

A
  1. dendritic cell displays antigen on HLA class II molecule to CD4 cells in lymphatic tissue which proliferate into T helper cells
  2. THC present antigen on HLA class I molecule (recognised by HLA class I molecule) and release cytokines
  3. cytokines encourage proliferation/differentiation of CD8 into cytotoxic T cells and B cells to become plasma and memory cells
36
Q

what are cytotoxic cells responsible for

A

killing virally infected cells via spraying cytokines = cell lysis OR FAS pathway = self destruction

37
Q

what are cytotoxic cells responsible for

A 
killing virally infected cells
T cell receptor bind with HLA class I holding antigen on infected cell
either spraying cytokines = cell lysis OR FAS pathway = self destruction

phase 2a pain (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions