Trematodes

Question 1

What are the characteristics of trematodes?

Answer 1

Dorsal-ventrally flattened (leaf-like)
Oral and ventral suckers 
Incomplete alimentary tract
Hermaphroditic 
Indirect life cycle

Question 2

What is the first intermediate host of all flukes?

Answer 2

Freshwater aquatic snails

Question 3

What is an operculum?

Answer 3

Lid/covering on egg

Question 4

What is a miracidia?

Answer 4

Free-living ciliated larva

Question 5

What is a cercariae?

Answer 5

Tadpole like larvae; final and free swimming

Question 6

What is metacercariae?

Answer 6

Encysted resting stage of trematode

Question 7

What is the life cycle of a trematode?

Answer 7

Egg in definitive host feces, urine, or sputum
Miracidium develops in egg and released into water
Egg ingested by snail -> sporocyst -> redia
Cercaria leave snail
Cercaria into 2nd IH or on plant
Metacercariae ingested and become adult fluke

Question 8

How are trematode infections diagnosed?

Answer 8

Fecal sedimentation -> heavy/large eggs

Question 9

Paragonimus Kellicotti common name?

Answer 9

Lung fluke

Question 10

Hosts of Paragonimus kellicotti?

Answer 10

Dog, cat, carnivore
Snail (1st IH)
Crayfish (2nd IH)

Question 11

Identify

Adult- ovoid, reddish brown with spiny tegument
Egg- oval, yellowish brown, distinct operculum, 110um

Answer 11

Paragonium kellicotti

Question 12

Site of infection of paragonimus kellicotti?

Answer 12

Lung parenchyma

Question 13

Pathogenesis and lesions of paragonimus kellicotti?

Answer 13

Cysts

Question 14

Intermittent to severe cough
Dyspnea, pneumothorax, brochiectasis, hemoptysis, pneumonia, death

Dog, cat

Answer 14

Paragonimus kellicotti

Question 15

What are the methods of diagnosis for paragonimus kellicotti?

Answer 15

Thoracic radiographs -cyst
Fecal sedimentation
Transtracheal wash

Question 16

Common name of nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 16

Salmon poisoning fluke

Question 17

Hosts of nanophyetus salmincola?

Answer 17

Dog, cat, mink, raccoon, fish-eating mammals

1st IH: snail
2nd IH: salmonid fish

Question 18

Adult: ovoid and creamy white up to 2mm
Egg: oval, yellow brown, thick shell, 80um

Answer 18

Nanophyetus salmincola

Question 19

Site of infection of nanophyetus salmincola?

Answer 19

Small intestine

Question 20

Pathogenesis of nanophyetus salmincola?

Answer 20

Salmon poisoning -> Neorikettsia helminthoeca

Question 21

Clinical signs of nanophyetus salmincola?

Answer 21

Enteritis (large numbers)

Salmon poisoning

• fever
• hemorrhagic enteritis
• enlarged lymph node
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• weight loss
• mortality

Question 22

What is the treatment for Nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 22

Anthelmitics

Tetracycline for rickettsial infection

Question 23

Common name of Alaria spp?

Answer 23

Intestinal flukes

Question 24

What is the definitive host of Alaria spp?

Answer 24

Dog, cat fox, mink

Question 25

What are the intermediate and paratenic hosts of Alaria spp?

Answer 25

1st IH: snail 2nd IH: tadpole PH: frog, snake, mice, rat, bird, reptile, boar, human

Question 26

Identify Adult- pink or brown 10mm Egg- oval, honey, operculum, 13um Cat, dog, fox, mink

Answer 26

Alaria spp

Question 27

Site of infection of Alaria spp?

Answer 27

Adult- small intestine | Immature- lungs

Question 28

Pathogenesis of Alaria spp?

Answer 28

Migrating mesocerariae may cause pulmonary hemorrhage

Question 29

Common name of platynosomum fastosum?

Answer 29

Lizard poisoning

Question 30

DH of platynosmum fastosum?

Answer 30

Cat

Question 31

IH of platynosomum fastosum?

Answer 31

1st: snail 2nd: crustacean PH: lizard

Question 32

Identify Cat Adult: 8mm Egg: oval, brown, medium thick shell, operculum

Answer 32

Platynosomum fastosum

Question 33

Life cycle of platynosomum fastosum?

Answer 33

``` Egg to water Snail ingest egg Miracidia to cercariae in snail Cercariae to crustacean Metacercariae encyst in crustacean Lizard eat crustacean Cat eat lizard Fluke to bile duct To adult ```

Question 34

PPP of platynosomum fastosum?

Answer 34

3months

Question 35

Site of infection of platynosomum fastosum

Answer 35

Bile duct

Question 36

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of platynosomum fastosum

Answer 36

Hyperplastic bile duct | Lizard poisoning- palpable liver, icterus, death

Question 37

What are the definitive hosts of Fasciola hepatica?

Answer 37

Cattle, sheep, goat, othe ruminants, horses, humans (zoonotic)

Question 38

Intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica ?

Answer 38

Snails

Question 39

Site of infection of Fasciola hepatica?

Answer 39

Bile duct of liver

Question 40

What trematode causes Necrotic tracts in liver Bile duct inflammation Anemia, diarrhea, inappetence, bottle jaw, decreased fertility and production.

Answer 40

Fascicles hepatica

Question 41

What trematode requires condemnation of liver

Answer 41

Fasciola hepatica

Question 42

How can Fasciola hepatica be diagnosed?

Answer 42

Fecal sedimentation ELISA Flukes in liver at necropsy Elected globulin, albumin and GGT

Question 43

What are the best treatment and control methods for Fasciola hepatica?

Answer 43

Flukicides Snail control and management Draining/fencing off wet pastureland

Question 44

What is the common name of Fascioloides magna?

Answer 44

Large American liver fluke or deer fluke

Question 45

What are the definitive hosts of fascioloides magna?

Answer 45

White tailed deer, caribou

Question 46

Dead end hosts of fascioloides magna?

Answer 46

Cattle, moose, horse, bison, pig

Question 47

Aberrant host to fascioloides magna?

Answer 47

Sheep, goat, rabbit

Question 48

What is the intermediate host to fascioloides magna?

Answer 48

Snail

Question 49

What is the site of infection of fascioloides magna?

Answer 49

Liver

Question 50

Life cycle of fascioloides magna?

Answer 50

Juvenile fukes wander in liver parenchyma | DH : adult forms fiberous cyst -> eggs passed through pore in cycle

Question 51

What is the PPP of fascioloides magna?

Answer 51

8months

Question 52

What is the difference between a dead-end host and aberrant host of Fascioloides magna?

Answer 52

Dead-end: cyst encapsulate adult, but has no pore for eggs to pass through Aberrant : immature flukes migrate through liver, do not form cyst In both types of host, the fluke does not reach patency

Question 53

What is the pathogenesis of Fascioloides magna?

Answer 53

Deer and cattle- encapsulated host has minimal clinical effect Sheep and goat- migrating in liver causes death before patency

Question 54

If you suspect Fascioloides magna infection on a sheep or goat, diagnosis can be made by a fecal sedimentation. True or False?

Answer 54

False Sheep and goat is the aberrant host, does not reach patency therefore you would not see eggs in the sedimentation Diagnosis by necropsy

Question 55

What are the best methods of treatment and control of Fascioloides magna?

Answer 55

Flukicide against adult and immature flukes Snail control Drain off wet pasture Do not farm deer and livestock together

Question 56

Paramphistomum spp common name?

Answer 56

Rumen fluke or stomach fluke

Question 57

Hosts of Paramphistomum spp?

Answer 57

Cattle, sheep, goat, deer, buffalo, antelope | IH: snail

Question 58

Identify: Adult: pear shaped, light red, ventral sucker at posterior end Egg: operculum 130-180um

Answer 58

Paramphistomum spp

Question 59

What is the predilection site of Paramphistomum spp?

Answer 59

Rumen

Question 60

PPP of Paramphistomum spp?

Answer 60

7-10wks

Question 61

What trematode is associated with secondary infections of Clostridium spp? Heavy infection due to migrating juveniles = enteritis, anorexia, diarrhea, depression, dehydration, anemia, and hemorrhage

Answer 61

Paramphistomum spp | AKA stomach fluke AKA rumen fluke