Protozoa - Apicomplexa

Question 1

What are the features of Eimeriidae family and what species are important?

Answer 1

Coccidia parasites
Host specific
No intermediate host or vectors
Primarily an issue in young animals

Isospora and Eimeria

Question 2

Host of Isospora canis?

Answer 2

Final host are dogs

PH : rodents

Question 3

Site of infection of Isospora canis?

Answer 3

Small intestine

Question 4

Pathogenesis of Isospora canis

Answer 4

Small intestinal cells destroyed
Diarrhea can be severe, watery, profuse, and bloody

Young dogs susceptible

Question 5

Diagnosis of Iscospora canis

Answer 5

Oocyst, smaller than ascarid eggs but larger than sarcocystis spp?

Question 6

Host of Isospora suis?

Answer 6

Pigs

Question 7

Site of infection and pathology of Isospora suis?

Answer 7

Small intestine
Infecting 1-2wk old piglets
Diarrhea
High morbidity

Question 8

What are the most infections Eimeria spp infecting cattle?

Answer 8

E. Bovis

E. Zuernii

Question 9

Eimeria spp can infect what hosts

Answer 9

Swine, bovine, ovine, equine, avian

Question 10

There are ________ Eimeria spp that can infect swine

Answer 10

8

Question 11

All Eimeria spp of swine and equine infect the __________ and Eimeria spp of bovine and small ruminants infects ____________________

Answer 11

Small intestine; small and large intestine

Question 12

What is the pathogenesis of all Eimeria spp?

Answer 12

Inflammatory changes of intestinal mucosa

Enteritis
Diarrhea - profuse, watery, bloody.
Severity is related to number of parasites

Question 13

Eimeria leukarti is specific to what species?

Answer 13

Equine

Question 14

How can Eimeria be diagnosed?

Answer 14

Oocyst in fecal float
History and clinical signs

E. Lukerarti (horse) - oocyst large and does not float
Requires sedimentation or floatations in sugar solution

Question 15

What is the treatment of Eimeria spp?

Answer 15

Hygiene
Decreasing overcrowding
Antiprotozoals
Supportive therapy

Development of immunity

Question 16

How are Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii differentated?

Answer 16

Oocyst shape - ovoid vs round

Oocyst size - 20um vs 12um

Question 17

Eimeria spp outbreaks in ovine are associated with?

Answer 17

Young lambs 1-3wks
Lot fed animals 
Irrigated pasture
Corralling
Stress- transporting or temp changes

Question 18

What is the pathogenesis of Eimeria in birds?

Answer 18

Bloody droppings
Dehydration
high death rate

Recovered birds may be chronically ill due to persistent core of clotted blood in cecum

Question 19

What Eimeria spp is most pathogenic in young chicks?

Answer 19

E.tenella

Question 20

What is the treatment/prevention agains E. tenella?

Answer 20

Prophylaxis with coccidostats in food or water

Vaccines -species specific

Question 21

How is Eimeria in birds diagnosed?

Answer 21

Necropsy 
Lesions are indicative of spp
E.tenella in cecum 
E.necatrix in small intestine 
E.brunetti in ileum,cecum, and rectum

Question 22

Hosts of toxoplasma Gondi?

Answer 22

Cat and felids

IH= humans and warm blooded animals

Question 23

How is Toxmoplamsa gondii transmitted?

Answer 23

Cat eats infected animal

Humans infection

• foodborne
• animal tissue with cysts containing bradyzoites
• mother to child transplacental

Question 24

Site of infection of Toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 24

Intestinal and extraintestnal tissues (muscle, liver, lung, brain)

Question 25

Pathogenesis of toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 25

Most animals are asymptomatic

Clinical disease in cat is dependent on organs involved and extent of tissue damage
Acute toxoplasmosis with severe FIV

Question 26

Diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 26

Oocyst in cat feces
Serological test
ELISA and IFA

Tachyzoites in brain and placenta
Important cause of abortion and perinatal mortality

Question 27

Treatment and prevention of Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 27

Humans avoid contact with cat feces
Human avoid eating undercooked meat of IH
Pregnant women avoid source of oocysts

Nonsulfonamides and Sulfonamides

Question 28

What is the pathogenesis of toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats?

Answer 28

Distinct white foci on aborted fetus and placenta

Heavy infection - necrosis of vital organs

Question 29

Sarcocysts spp host?

Answer 29

Dog, cat, human, carnivore, bird

IH- cattle, herbivore, omnivore, bird, human

Question 30

ID

Sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocyst each with 4 sporozoties

18um oocyst

Answer 30

Sarcocystis spp

Question 31

Life cycle of Sarcoystis spp?

Answer 31

Sarcocysts with bradyzoite -infective stage for FH

PPP is 7-14days

Sporocyst =infective stage for IH

Sporocyst to bradyzoite in muscle 2-3months

Question 32

Site of infection of Sarcocystis spp?

Answer 32

Sarcocyst in muscle of IH

Sporocyst in GI tract of FH

Question 33

Clinical signs of Sarcocystis spp?

Answer 33

No illness if FH

IH host- fatal disease
Abortion may result

Question 34

Diagnosis of sarcocystis spp?

Answer 34

Sporocyst in FH

Sarcocysts in muscle tissue of IH

Question 35

Treatment and prevetion of Sarcocystis spp?

Answer 35

Avoid raw meat and prevent fecal contamination